Name, affiliation, country | Role | |
Agneta Hörnell, UmU, SE | Author "Infant feeding" | |
Agneta Oskarsson, SLU, SE | Author "Manganese", "Molybdenum" | |
Agneta Sjöberg, UoG, SE | Author "Iron", "Human body weight, nutrients and foods: a scoping review" | |
Agneta Åkesson, KI, SE | Author 9 de novo systematic reviews | |
Alfons Ramel, UoI, IS | Author 9 de novo systematic reviews | |
Alicja Wolk, KI, SE | Author "Phytochemicals and antioxidants" | Referee "Meat and meat products" |
Allan Linneberg, GUH, DK | Author "Vitamin K" | |
Almantas Kranauskas, MH, LT | NNR2023 Observer | |
Amanda MacFarlane, HC, CA | Referee NNR2023 report and methodology background papers | |
Amanda Wood, SRC, SE | Workshop participant "Overview of food consumption and environmental sustainability – considerations in the Nordic and Baltic region", Resource group "Moving food production and consumption toward sustainable diets in the Nordics: Challenges and opportunities" | |
Amund Måge, HI, NO | Author "Moving food production and consumption toward sustainable diets in the Nordics: Challenges and opportunities" | |
Ane Sørlie Kværner, UoO, NO | Scientific secretary | |
Anete Dudele, UoI, IS | Author systematic reviews in the NNR-EFSA collaborating project | |
Anette Hjartåker, UoO, NO | Referee "Chromium", "Molybdenum" | |
Anitra Carr, OU, NZ | Author "Vitamin C" | |
Anna Bergström, KI, SE | Referee "Phytochemicals and antioxidants", "Breastfeeding" | |
Anna Karin Lindroos, SFA, SE | Referee "Sweets and confectionaries", "Meals patterns" | |
Anne Høyer-Lund, NDH, NO | Scientific secretary | |
Anne Juul Skjetne, UoO, NO | Pre-project coordinator | |
Anne Lise Brantsæter, NIPH, NO | Author "Iodine" | |
Anne Pøhl Enevoldsen, FVST, DK | NNR2023 Steering group member | |
Anne Scott, FVST, DK | NNR2023 Steering group member | |
Anne-Lise Bjørke Monsen, UoB, NO | Author "Vitamin B6", "Folate", "Vitamin B12" | |
Anne-Marja Pajari, UoH, FI | Author "Dietary fibre", "Protein" | Reference group member "Assessing the environmental sustainability of diets – an overview of approaches and identification of 5 key considerations for comprehensive assessments" |
Ann-Karin Olsen, NIPH, NO | Author "Selenium" | |
Ann-Kristin Skrindo Knutsen, NIPH, NO | Author "The burden of diet related diseases and dietary risk factors in the Nordic and Baltic countries: a systematic analysis of the global burden of diseases, injuries and risk factors study 2021" | |
Anthea Van Parys, UoB, NO | Referee "Choline" | |
Antti Jula, Fimnet, FI | Author "Sodium", "Potassium" | |
Arja Lyytinen, UEF, FI | Author "Vitamin K" | |
Asim Duttaroy, UoO, NO | Referee "Vitamin E" | |
Audun Korsæth, NIBIO, NO | Workshop participant "Overview of food consumption and environmental sustainability – considerations in the Nordic and Baltic region" | |
Beate Stokke Solvik, UoB, NO | Author "Biotin" | |
Benjamin Clarsen, NIPH, NO | Author "The burden of diet related diseases and dietary risk factors in the Nordic and Baltic countries: a systematic analysis of the global burden of diseases, injuries and risk factors study 2021" | |
Birna Thorisdottir, UoI, IS | Author 9 de novo systematic reviews | |
Bjørg Mikkelsen, FFVA, Faroe Islands | NNR2023 Observer | |
Bob van Oort, CICERO, NO | Author and workshop participant "Overview of food consumption and environmental sustainability – considerations in the Nordic and Baltic region" | Referee "Integrating sustainability into Food Based Dietary Guidelines in the Nordic countries", "Moving food production and consumption toward sustainable diets in the Nordics: Challenges and opportunities", reference group member "Assessing the environmental sustainability of diets – an overview of approaches and identification of 5 key considerations for comprehensive assessments" |
Bright Nwaru, UoG, SE | Author 9 de novo systematic reviews | |
Bruna Miguel, CH, UK | Workshop participant "Overview of food consumption and environmental sustainability – considerations in the Nordic and Baltic region" | |
Bryndís Eva Birgisdóttir, UoI, IS | Co author and workshop participant "Overview of food consumption and environmental sustainability – considerations in the Nordic and Baltic region", Author systematic reviews in the NNR-EFSA collaborating project | Referee "Carbohydrates", "Dietary fibre" |
Caroline Filskov Petersen, UoC, DK | Author systematic reviews in the NNR-EFSA collaborating project | |
Christel Lamberg-Allardt, UH, FI | Author "Phosphorus", 9 de novo systematic reviews | Referee "Vitamin D" |
Christine Delisle, KI, SE | Author "Fruit juice", "Potatoes" | |
Christine Henriksen, UoO, NO | Author "Magnesium", "Copper", "Chromium" | |
Corné van Dooren, WWF, NL | Author "Overview of food consumption and environmental sustainability – considerations in the Nordic and Baltic region" | |
Cornelia Witthöft, LU, SE | Referee "Folate", "Vegetables, fruits and berries", "Potatoes", "Fruit juice", "Pulses" | Author systematic reviews in the NNR-EFSA collaborating project |
Dag S Thelle, UoO, NO | Author "Alcohol" | |
Dagfinn Aune, ICL, UK | Statistical consultant | |
David Smith, UoO, UK | Referee "Thiamin", "Folate", "Vitamin B12" | |
Davy Vanham, JRC, IT | Workshop participant "Overview of food consumption and environmental sustainability – considerations in the Nordic and Baltic region" | |
Dena Alavi, UoO, NO | Referee "Alcohol", "Biotin", "Pantothenic acid" | |
Dominique Turck, LU, FR | Referee NNR2023 report and methodology background papers | |
Ebba Nexø, AaU, DK | Referee "Vitamin B12" | |
Eirin Bar, NTNU, NO | Workshop participant "Overview of food consumption and environmental sustainability – considerations in the Nordic and Baltic region" | |
Elin Röös, SLU, SE | Workshop participant "Overview of food consumption and environmental sustainability – considerations in the Nordic and Baltic region", Resource group "Moving food production and consumption toward sustainable diets in the Nordics: Challenges and opportunities" | |
Elinor Hallström, RISE, SE | Reference group member "Assessing the environmental sustainability of diets – an overview of approaches and identification of 5 key considerations for comprehensive assessments", Referee "Integrating sustainability into Food Based Dietary Guidelines in the Nordic countries", "Moving food production and consumption toward sustainable diets in the Nordics: Challenges and opportunities" | |
Elisabet Rothenberg, KU, SE | Referee "Protein" | |
Ellen Trolle, DTU, DK | NNR2023 Committee member | |
Elling Bere, UoA, NO | Author "Ultraprocessed foods" | |
Emilie Helte, KI, SE | Referee "Calcium", "Magnesium", "Fluoride" | |
Emily Sonestedt, LU, SE | Author "Carbohydrates", "Beverages", "Milk and diary", "Sweets and confectionaries" | |
Erik Kristoffer Arnesen, UoO, NDH, NO | Author "Copper", 9 de novo systematic reviews | Scientific advisor in the NNR project |
Essi Marjatta Hantikainen, ER, IT | Author "Vitamin E" | |
Eva Warensjö Lemming, SFA, SE | NNR2023 Committee member | |
Filippa Juul, KI, SE | Author "Ultraprocessed foods" | |
Folasade Adebayo, UoH, FI | Author systematic reviews in the NNR-EFSA collaborating project | |
Fredrik Jernerén, UU, SE | Referee "Thiamin", "Riboflavin", "Niacin", "Vitamin B6" | |
Fredrik Rosqvist, UoU, SE | Author "Fat and fatty acids", "Fats and oils" | Referee "Eggs" |
Fredrik Söderlund, KI, SE | Author 9 de novo systematic reviews | |
Frode A Norheim, UoO, NO | Referee "Copper" | |
GBD collaboration group (TBA) | Author "The burden of diet related diseases and dietary risk factors in the Nordic and Baltic countries: a systematic analysis of the global burden of diseases, injuries and risk factors study 2021" | |
Gigja Gunnarsdottir, DH, IS | Pre-project participant | |
Giota Mitrou, WCRF, UK | Referee NNR2023 report and methodology background papers | |
Gry Hay, NDH, NO | Referee "Iron", "Breastfeeding" | |
Gun Brit Knutssön, KI, SE | Research librarian | |
Guri Skeie, UiT, NO | Author "Cereals" | |
Hanna Eneroth, SFA, SE | NNR2023 Committee member | |
Hanna Karlsson, SLU, SE | Workshop participant "Overview of food consumption and environmental sustainability – considerations in the Nordic and Baltic region" | |
Hanna Lagström, TUH, FI | Author "Infant feeding" | |
Hanna Sara Strandler, SLV, SE | Author "Thiamin", "Riboflavin" | Referee "Niacin" |
Hanna Tuomisto, LUKE, FI | Author and workshop participant "Overview of food consumption and environmental sustainability – considerations in the Nordic and Baltic region" | |
Hanne Fjærdingby Olsen, NMBU, NO | Resource group "Moving food production and consumption toward sustainable diets in the Nordics: Challenges and opportunities" | |
Harald Carlsen, NMBU, NO | Author "Dietary fibre" | Referee "Vitamin A", "phytochemicals and antioxidants" |
Helen Harwatt, CH, UK | Author "Assessing the environmental sustainability of diets – an overview of approaches and identification of 5 key considerations for comprehensive assessments", "Overview of food consumption and environmental sustainability – considerations in the Nordic and Baltic region" | |
Helene Bertheus Forslund, GU, SE | Author "Meal patterns" | |
Heli Kuusipalo, FIHW, FI | Pre-project participant | |
Helle Margrete Meltzer, NIPH, NO | NNR2023 Committee member | |
Henna Peltonen, UoH, FI | Author systematic reviews in the NNR-EFSA collaborating project | |
Henna Vepsäläinen, UoH, FI | Author "Sweets and confectionaries", "Dietary patterns" | |
Henriette Øien, NDH, NO | NNR2023 Steering group member (head) | |
Hilde Brekke, UoO, NO | Referee "Energy", "Phosphorus" | |
Hilde Strømme, UoO, NO | Research librarian | |
Hólmfríður Þorgeirsdóttir, DoH, IS | NNR2023 Steering group member | |
Haakon Meyer, FHI, NO | Author "Vitamin D" | |
Iben Kristensen, FVST, DK | NNR2023 Steering group member | |
Ieva Gudanavičienė, MH, LT | NNR2023 Observer | |
Inese Siksna, IFS, LV | NNR2023 Observer | |
Inga Þórsdóttir, UoI, IS | NNR2023 Committee member | |
Inge Tetens, UoC, DK | Referee "Biotin", "Pantothenic acid", "Selenium", "Manganese", "Molybdemum" | Author systematic reviews in the NNR-EFSA collaborating project |
Inger Öhlund, UO, SE | Referee "Vitamin D" | |
Inger-Lise Steffensen, NIPH, NO | Referee "Potassium" | |
Ingibjörg Gunnarsdottir, UoI, IS | Author "Iodine" | |
Iris Erlund, THL, FI | Referee "Iodine" | |
Jacob Juel Christensen, UoO, NO | NNR2023 Committee member | |
Jan Alexander, NIPH, NO | Autho "Selenium" | |
Jan Bengtsson, SLU, SE | Author and workshop participant "Overview of food consumption and environmental sustainability – considerations in the Nordic and Baltic region" | |
Jan Olav Aaseth, IH, NO | Author "Magnesium" | Referee "Selenium", "Copper", "Chromium" |
Jelena Meinliä, UoH, FI | Author "Meat and meatproducts", "Overview of food consumption and environmental sustainability – considerations in the Nordic and Baltic region", "Integrating sustainability into Food Based Dietary Guidelines in the Nordic countries" | |
Jens Lykkesfeldt, UoC, DK | Author "Vitamin C" | |
Jette Jakobsen, DTU, DK | Referee "Vitamin E" | |
Joao Breda, WHO, DK | Referee NNR2023 report and methodology background papers | |
Johanna E Torfadottir, UoI, IS | Author "Calcium", "Fish and seafood", | Referee "Milk and dairy products" |
Johanna Tilkanen, CH, UK | Workshop participant "Overview of food consumption and environmental sustainability – considerations in the Nordic and Baltic region" | |
Josefin Edvall Löfvenborg, SFA, SE | Referee "Beverages" | |
Joseph Lau, BU, US | Referee NNR2023 report and methodology background papers | |
Juha Helenius, UoH, FI | Author "Moving food production and consumption toward sustainable diets in the Nordics: Challenges and opportunities" | |
Jutta Dierkes, UoB, NO | Author 9 de novo systematic reviews | |
Jyrki K. Virtanen, UEF, FI | Author "Meat and meatproducts", "Eggs", | |
Jøran Hjelmesæth, HSØ, NO | Author "Human body weight, nutrients, and foods: a scoping review" | |
Jørgen Eivind Olesen, AU, DK | Author "Moving food production and consumption toward sustainable diets in the Nordics: Challenges and opportunities" | |
Jaana Lindström, THL, FI | Author "Dietary patterns" | |
Karin Leander, KI, SE | Referee "Alcohol" | |
Katja Borodulin, AI, FI | Author "Physical activity: associations with health and summary of guidelines", pre-project participant | |
Kerry Ann Brown, LSHTM, UK | Author and workshop participant "Overview of food consumption and environmental sustainability – considerations in the Nordic and Baltic region" | |
Kirsi Laitinen, FIHW, FI | Referee "Fish and seafood", "Breastfeeding" | |
Kirsten Holven, UoO, NO | Author "Milk and dairy products" | |
Kirsti Uusi-Rasi, UKK, FI | Author "Calcium" | |
Kjetil Retterstøl, UoO, NO | Author "Fat and fatty acids" | |
Klas Wetterberg, CH, UK | Workshop participant "Overview of food consumption and environmental sustainability – considerations in the Nordic and Baltic region" | |
Klaus Mittenzwei, Ruralis, NO | Reference group member "Assessing the environmental sustainability of diets – an overview of approaches and identification of 5 key considerations for comprehensive assessments" | |
Kyla Shea, Tufts, US | Referee "Vitamin E" | |
Lars Ellegård, GU, SE | Author "Energy" | |
Lars Rejnmark, ÅU, DK | Referee "Calcium", "Phosphorus" | |
Lars T. Fadnes | Author "Cereals, "Vegetables, fruits and berries", Pulses", "Nuts" | |
Lāsma Pikele, MHRL, LV | NNR2023 Observer | |
Lasse Sommer Mikkelsen, UoC, DK | Author systematic reviews in the NNR-EFSA collaborating project | |
Lena Hulthén, GU, SE | Referee "Iron" | |
Lieselotte Cloetens, LU, SE | Author "Energy" | Referee "Cereals" |
Linnea Bärebring, GU, SE | Author 9 de novo systematic reviews | |
Lisa von Huth Smith, DHA, DK | Pre-project participant | |
Lisbeth Dahl, IMR, NO | Referee "Zinc" | |
Lise Madsen, UiB, NO | Referee "Protein" | |
Liv Elin Torheim, NIPH, NO | Author "Pulses" | Referee "Zinc", "Cereals", "Meat and meat products" |
Lotte Holm, UoC, DK | Author "Social and economic dimensions of food sustainability – summary of the SAPEA report" | |
Magdalena Rosell, KI, SE | Author "Vegetables, fruits and berries", "Potatoes", "Nuts", "Fruit juice" | |
Magnus Domellöf, UU, SE | Author "Iron" | |
Magritt Brustad, UiT, NO | Author "Vitamin D" | |
Maijaliisa Erkkola, UoH, FI | NNR2023 Committee member | |
Maja Bjørkevoll, UoB, NO | Author "Pantothenic acid" | |
Mari Myhrstad, OsloMet, NO | Author "Phytochemicals and antioxidants" | Referee "Vitamin C" |
Maria Kipler, KI, SE | Author "Manganese", "Molybdedum", "Fluoride" | |
Maria Lankinen, UoEF, FI | Referee "Fat and fatty acids", "Fats and oils" | |
Maria Mathisen, VVH, NO | Author "Zinc" | |
Marian Kjellevold, IMR, NO | Author" Fluoride" | |
Marit B. Veierød, UoO, NO | Statistical consultant | |
Marita Friberg, PHA, SE | Pre-project participant | |
Marjaana Lahti-Kosku, UoH, FI | Referee "Ultraprocessed foods" | |
Marko Lukic, UiT, NO | Author "Beverages" | |
Matti Uusitupa, UoEF, FO | Referee "Fat and fatty acids", "Dietary patters" | |
Max Troell, SRC, SE | Resource group "Moving food production and consumption toward sustainable diets in the Nordics: Challenges and opportunities" | |
Merja Saarinen, LUKE, FI | Author "Overview of food consumption and environmental sustainability – considerations in the Nordic and Baltic region", "Moving food production and consumption toward sustainable diets in the Nordics: Challenges and opportunities" | |
Mette Svendsen, UoO, NO | Author "Meal patterns" | Referee "Energy", "Nuts" |
Michael Hauchild, DTU, DK | Author "Overview of food consumption and environmental sustainability – considerations in the Nordic and Baltic region" | |
Mija Ceruka, Martat, FI | Workshop participant "Overview of food consumption and environmental sustainability – considerations in the Nordic and Baltic region" | |
Mikael Fogelholm, UoH, FI | Author "Fluid and water balance" | Referee "Vitamin C", "Magnesium", reference group member "Assessing the environmental sustainability of diets – an overview of approaches and identification of 5 key considerations for comprehensive assessments" |
Minna Kaljonen, Syke, FI | Reference group member "Assessing the environmental sustainability of diets – an overview of approaches and identification of 5 key considerations for comprehensive assessments" | |
Monica Hauger Carlsen, UoO, NO | Referee "Manganese", "Fluoride" | |
Morten Graversgaard, AU, DK | Author and workshop participant "Overview of food consumption and environmental sustainability – considerations in the Nordic and Baltic region" | |
Morten Grønbæk, NIPH, DK | Author "Alcohol" | |
Nanna Louise Riis, FH, DK | Author "Potassium" | |
Narcisa Hannerz, KI, SE | Research librarian | |
Niina Kaartinen, FIFHW, FI | Referee "Carbohydrates", "Pulses" | |
Nina Øverby, UoA, NO | Author "Carbohydrates", "Beverages", "Milk and diary", "Sweets and confectionaries" | Referee "Ultraprocessed foods", "Dietary fibre" |
Noora Kanerva, UoH, FI | Referee "Meal patterns" | |
Ola Hedstein, RF, NO | Resource group "Moving food production and consumption toward sustainable diets in the Nordics: Challenges and opportunities" | |
Olafur Ögmundarson, UoI, IS | Author and workshop participant "Overview of food consumption and environmental sustainability – considerations in the Nordic and Baltic region" | |
Olof Gudny Geirsdottir, SHS, IS | Author "Protein" | |
Per Magne Ueland, UoB, NO | Author "Vitamin B6, "Folate", | |
Per Ole Iversen, UoO, NO | Author "Fluid and water balance" | Referee "sodium", "potassium" |
Peter Fantke, DTU, DK | Author "Moving food production and consumption toward sustainable diets in the Nordics: Challenges and opportunities" | |
Peter Jackson, UoS, UK | Author "Social and economic dimensions of food sustainability – summary of the SAPEA report" | |
Piia Jallinoja, TU, FI | Reference group member "Assessing the environmental sustainability of diets – an overview of approaches and identification of 5 key considerations for comprehensive assessments" | |
Richard King, CH, UK | Workshop participant "Overview of food consumption and environmental sustainability – considerations in the Nordic and Baltic region" | |
Riitta Freese, UoH, FI | Author "Niacin", "Pantothenic acid" | Referee "Riboflavin", "Vitamin B6" |
Rikke Andersen, DTU, DK | NNR2023 Committee member | |
Rima Obeid, SUH, DE | Author "Choline" | |
Robert G. Hahn, KI, SE | Referee "Fluid and water balance" | |
Rune Blomhoff, UoO, NO | Project leader NNR project and pre-project | |
Sabina Gillsund, KI, SE | Research librarian | |
Sara L Booth, Tufts, US | Referee "Vitamin E" | |
Sari Niinistö, FIHW, FI | Author "Fats and oils" | |
Satu Männistö, NIHW, FI | NNR2023 Steering group member | |
Sigmund Anderssen, NIH, NO | Author "Physical activity: associations with health and summary of guidelines", pre-project participant | |
Sigrun Henjum, OsloMet, NO | Referee "Iodine" | |
Sine Høljund Christensen, UoC, DK | Author systematic reviews in the NNR-EFSA collaborating project | |
Sipra Sarlio, MSAH, FI | Reference group member "Assessing the environmental sustainability of diets – an overview of approaches and identification of 5 key considerations for comprehensive assessments" | |
Sirli Pehme, SIVITTA, EE | Workshop participant "Overview of food consumption and environmental sustainability – considerations in the Nordic and Baltic region" | |
Sirpa Kurppa, NRIF, FI | Pre-project participant | |
Sofia Enhörning, SE | Referee "Fluid and water balance" | |
Stefan Einarsson, UAR, IS | Reference group member "Assessing the environmental sustainability of diets – an overview of approaches and identification of 5 key considerations for comprehensive assessments" | |
Stina Ramne, LU, SE | Referee "Sweets and confectionaries" | |
Stine Ulven, UoO, NO | Autho "Fish and seafood" | |
Susan Fairweather-Tait, NMS, UK | Referee NNR2023 report and methodology background papers | |
Susanna C. Larsson, KI, SE | Author "Eggs" | |
Susanne Bügel, UoC, DK | Author "Chromium" | |
Suvi T. Itkonen, UoH, FI | Author "Phosphorus" | |
Suvi Virtanen, FIHW, FI | Referee "Vegetables, fruits and berries", "Potatoes", "Fruit juice", "Nuts", "Milk and dairy" | |
Saari Hantunen, UEF, FI | Referee "Choline" | |
Tagli Pitsi, NIHD, EE | NNR2023 Observer | |
Therese Karlsson, GU, SE | Author "Choline" | |
Thomas Lind, UU, SE | Referee "Vitamin A" | |
Thomas Olsen, UoO, NO | Author "Vitamin A" | |
Þórhallur Ingi Þórhallsson | NNR2023 Committee member | |
Tim Benton, CH, UK | Author "Assessing the environmental sustainability of diets – an overview of approaches and identification of 5 key considerations for comprehensive assessments", "Overview of food consumption and environmental sustainability – considerations in the Nordic and Baltic region" | |
Tonje Aarsland, UoB, NO | Author "Pantothenic acid" | |
Tor A Strand, UoB, NO | Author "Thiamin", "Biotin", "Zinc" | |
Trine Husøy, NIPH, NO | Referee "Beverages" | |
Trine Wilkens, UoC, DK | Author systematic reviews in the NNR-EFSA collaborating project | |
Trond Arild Ydersbond, SSB, NO | Author "Moving food production and consumption toward sustainable diets in the Nordics: Challenges and opportunities" | |
Ulf H. Lerner, UoG, SE | Author "Vitamin A" | |
Ulike Spielau, UoB, NO | Author 2 de novo systematic review | |
Ulla Toft, FH, DK | Author "Potassium" | |
Ulla-Kaisa Kovisto Hursti, SFA, SE | NNR2023 Steering group member | |
Ulrika Ericson, LU, SE | Referee "Dietary patterns" | |
Ursula Schwab, UEF, FI | NNR2023 Committee member | |
Vegard Lysne, UoB, NO | Author "Riboflavin", "Niacin", "Vitamin B12" | |
Veronica Öhrvik, Axfoundation, SE | Referee "Sodium" | |
Vibeke Telle-Hansen, OsloMet, NO | Referee "Eggs", "Fats and oils" | |
Wulf Becker, UU, SE | Referee NNR2023 report and methodology background papers | |
Ylva Trolle Lagerros, KI, SE | Author "Vitamin E" | |
Åge Klepp, RF, NO | Resource group "Moving food production and consumption toward sustainable diets in the Nordics: Challenges and opportunities" | |
Åsa Svenfeldt, KTH, SE | Reference group member "Assessing the environmental sustainability of diets – an overview of approaches and identification of 5 key considerations for comprehensive assessments" |
Topic | Year | Authors/ organization (country) | Exposure(s) | Outcome(s) | Risk of bias assessment tool | SoE/evidence quality grading |
Sodium and Potassium intake | 2018 | AHRQ (USA) Newberry et al. (2018) | Dietary sodium (sodium reduction), potassium | Blood pressure, risk for cardiovascular diseases, all-cause mortality, renal disease and related risk factors, adverse events | Cochrane RoB / NOS. Some nutrition-specific items added (e.g., sodium intake assessment) | "High", "Moderate", "Low" or "Insufficient". Based on: 1) Study limitations, 2) consistency, 3) directness, 4) precision, 5) reporting bias. Observational studies may be upgraded if very strong effects, a strong dose-response-relationship or if effects cannot be explained by uncontrolled confounding. |
Vitamin D and Calcium | 2014 | AHRQ (USA) (Newberry et al., 2014) | Vitamin D and/or Calcium | Bone health, cardiovascular health, cancer, immune function, pregnancy, all-cause mortality, vitamin D status | CONSORT statement for RCTs, own checklist based on STROBE and nutrition-specific items | Grade A-B |
Omega-3 Fatty Acids | 2016 | AHRQ (USA) Balk et al. (2016) | Omega-3 Fatty Acids | Cardiovascular Disease, risk factors | Cochrane RoB / NOS. Some nutrition-specific items added. | "High", "Moderate", "Low" or "Insufficient". Based on: 1) Study limitations, 2) consistency, 3) directness, 4) precision, 5) reporting bias, 6) number of studies |
Omega-3 Fatty Acids | 2016 | AHRQ (USA) Newberry et al. (2016) | Omega-3 Fatty Acids | Maternal and Child Health: Gestational length, risk for preterm birth, birth weight, risk for low birth weight, risk for peripartum depression, risk for gestational hypertension / preeclampsia; postnatal growth, visual acuity, neurological development, cognitive development, autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, learning disorders, atopic dermatitis, allergies and respiratory disorders, adverse events | Cochrane RoB / NOS. Some nutrition-specific items added. | "High", "Moderate", "Low" or "Insufficient". Based on: 1) Study limitations, 2) consistency, 3) directness, 4) precision, 5) reporting bias, 6) number of studies |
Vitamin, Mineral, and Multivitamin Supplementation | 2021 | AHRQ (USA) O’Connor et al. (2022) | Multivitamin and single nutrient supplements | Risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and mortality, other harms | Similar to Cochrane RoB | "High", "Moderate", "Low" or "Insufficient". Based on: 1) Study limitations, 2) consistency, 3) precision, 4) reporting bias |
Nutrient Reference Values for Sodium | 2017 | Australian Government Department of Health/New Zealand Ministry of Health (Neale and Clark (2017) | Dietary sodium / sodium reduction | Blood pressure, cholesterol concentrations, stroke, myocardial infarction, all-cause mortality | Cochrane RoB, modified | GRADE and NHMRC level of evidence (from I to IV) |
Alcohol | 2023 | Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction (Health Canada) (2023) | Alcohol | Physical and mental health, and social impact | AMSTAR 2.0 | GRADE |
Dietary Patterns | 2020 | DGAC (USA) (Boushey et al., 2020b) | Dietary patterns; macronutrient distribution | Growth, Size, Body Composition, and/or Risk of Overweight or Obesity | Cochrane RoB 2.0 / Rob-Nobs* | Strength of Evidence: "Strong", "Moderate", "Limited" or "Not Assignable"; based on 1) risk of bias, 2) consistency, 3) directness, 4) precision, 5) generalizability |
Dietary Patterns (update of 2015 DGAC review) | 2020 | DGAC (USA) (2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, 2020) | Dietary patterns | Cardiovascular disease, CVD risk factors (blood pressure, blood lipids) | ||
Dietary Patterns and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes (update of 2015 DGAC review) | 2020 | DGAC (USA) (Boushey et al., 2020d) | Dietary patterns | Type 2 Diabetes | ||
Dietary Patterns (update of 2015 DGAC review) | 2020 | DGAC (USA) (Boushey et al., 2020e) | Dietary patterns | Breast cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer | ||
Dietary Patterns (update of 2015 DGAC review) | 2020 | DGAC (USA) (Boushey et al., 2020f) | Dietary patterns | Bone health, e.g., risk of hip fracture, bone mineral density | ||
Dietary Patterns (update of 2015 DGAC review) | 2020 | DGAC (USA) Boushey et al. (2020g) | Dietary patterns | Neurocognitive health; age-related cognitive impairment, dementia | ||
Dietary Patterns | 2020 | DGAC (USA) (Boushey et al., 2020c) | Dietary patterns | Sarcopenia | ||
Dietary Patterns | 2020 | DGAC (USA) (Boushey et al., 2020a) | Dietary patterns | Mortality | ||
Dietary Patterns during Pregnancy | 2020 | DGAC (USA) (Donovan et al., 2020d) | Dietary patterns | Gestational weight gain | ||
Dietary Patterns during Lactation | 2020 | DGAC (USA) (Donovan et al., 2020c) | Dietary patterns | Human milk composition and quantity | ||
Folic Acid from Fortified Foods and/or Supplements during Pregnancy and Lactation | 2020 | DGAC (USA) (Donovan et al., 2020e) | Folic acid | Micronutrient status; gestational diabetes; hypertensive disorders during pregnancy; human milk composition; developmental milestones in child | ||
Omega-3 fatty acids from Supplements Consumed before and during Pregnancy and Lactation | 2020 | DGAC (USA) (Donovan et al., 2020a) | Omega-3 from supplements | Risk of Child Food Allergies and Atopic Allergic Disease |
Maternal Diet during Pregnancy and Lactation | 2020 | DGAC (USA) (Donovan et al., 2020b) | Dietary patterns, food allergen (e.g. Cow milk, eggs, fish, soybean, wheat, nuts etc.) | Risk of Child Food Allergies and Atopic Allergic Diseases (e.g. Atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, asthma) | ||
Exclusive Human Milk and/ or Infant Formula Consumption | 2020 | DGAC (USA) (Dewey et al., 2020a) | Human milk and/or infant formula | Overweight and Obesity | ||
Exclusive Human Milk and/or Infant Formula Consumption | 2020 | DGAC (USA) (Dewey et al., 2020b) | Human milk and/or infant formula | Nutrient Status (e.g. Iron, zinc, iodine, vitamin B12 status) | ||
Iron from Supplements Consumed During Infancy and Toddlerhood | 2020 | DGAC (USA) (Dewey et al., 2020d) | Iron from supplements | Growth, Size, and Body Composition | ||
Vitamin D from Supplements Consumed during Infancy and Toddlerhood | 2020 | DGAC (USA) (Dewey et al., 2020c) | Vitamin D from supplements / fortified foods | Bone Health (e.g biomarkers, bone mass rickets, fracture) up to age 18 years | ||
Beverage Consumption | 2020 | DGAC (USA) (Mayer-Davis et al., 2020b) | Beverages (milk, juice, sugar-sweetened beverages, low and no-calorie beverages vs. water) | Growth, Size, Body Composition, and Risk of Overweight and Obesity | ||
Beverage Consumption During Pregnancy | 2020 | DGAC (USA) (Mayer-Davis et al., 2020a) | Beverages (Milk, Tea, Coffee, Sugar-Sweetened/Low- or no-calorie sweetened beverages, water) | Birth weight | ||
Alcohol Consumption | 2020 | DGAC (USA) (Mayer-Davis et al., 2020c) | Alcoholic beverages (type and drinking pattern) | Mortality | ||
Added Sugars (update of 2015 DGAC review) | 2020 | DGAC (USA) (Mayer-Davis et al., 2020d) | Added sugars; sugar-sweetened beverages | Cardiovascular Disease, CVD mortality, CVD risk factors | ||
Types of Dietary Fat | 2020 | DGAC (USA) (Snetselaar et al., 2020a) | Types of fatty acids, individual fatty acids (e.g., ALA, DHA), dietary cholesterol or food sources of types of fat (e.g. Olive oil for MUFA, butter for SFA) | Cardiovascular Disease outcomes, intermediate outcomes (blood lipids and blood pressure) | ||
Seafood consumption during pregnancy and lactation | 2020 | DGAC (USA) (Snetselaar et al., 2020d) | Maternal seafood / fish intake (e.g., fish, salmon, tuna, trout, tilapia; shellfish: shrimp, crab, oysters) | Neurocognitive development (e.g., cognitive and language development; behavioral development; attention deficit disorder, autism spectrum disorder) In the child | ||
Seafood consumption during childhood and adolescence (up to 18 years of age) | 2020 | DGAC (USA) (Snetselaar et al., 2020c) | Seafood (e.g., fish, salmon, tuna, trout, tilapia; shellfish: shrimp, crab, oysters) | Neurocognitive development (e.g., Cognition, depression, dementia, psychomotor performance, behaviour disorders, autism spectrum disorder, mental health ... Academic achievement) | ||
Seafood consumption during childhood and adolescence (up to 18 years of age) | 2020 | DGAC (USA) (Snetselaar et al., 2020b) | Seafood (e.g., salmon, tuna, trout, tilapia; shellfish: shrimp, crab, oysters) | Cardiovascular Disease (and blood lipids or blood pressure) | ||
Frequency of eating | 2020 | DGAC (USA) (Heymsfield et al., 2020a) | Eating frequency | Overweight and Obesity | ||
Frequency of eating | 2020 | DGAC (USA) (Heymsfield et al., 2020c) | Eating frequency | Cardiovascular Disease | ||
Frequency of eating | 2020 | DGAC (USA) (Heymsfield et al., 2020b) | Eating frequency | Type 2 Diabetes | ||
Dietary patterns | 2015 | DGAC (USA) (Boushey et al., 2020e) | Dietary patterns | Cancer | NEL Bias assessment tool | "Strong", "Moderate", "Limited", "Expert opinion only", "Not assignable"; based on 1) risk of bias, 2) consistency, 3) quantity, 4) impact, 5) generalizability |
Dietary patterns | 2015 | DGAC (USA) (Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, 2015) | Dietary patterns | Congenital anomalies | ||
Dietary patterns | 2015 | DGAC (USA)(Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, 2015) | Dietary patterns | Neurological and psychological illness | ||
Dietary patterns | 2015 | DGAC (USA) (Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, 2015) | Dietary patterns | Bone health | ||
Dietary patterns and long-term food sustainability and related food security | 2015 | DGAC (USA)(Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, 2015) | Dietary patterns | Environmental impact | ||
Sodium intake in children | 2015 | DGAC (USA)(Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, 2015) | Dietary sodium | Blood pressure | ||
Sodium intake | 2015 | DGAC (USA)(Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, 2015) | Dietary sodium | Cardiovascular disease | ||
Added sugars | 2015 | DGAC (USA)(Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, 2015) | Added sugars & sugar-sweetened beverages | CVD, CVD mortality, hypertension, blood pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides | ||
Carbohydrates | 2012 | DGE (Germany) (Hauner et al., 2012) | Total carbohydrates, sugars, sugar-sweetened beverages, dietary fibre, whole-grain, glycaemic index / load | Obesity, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, coronary heart disease, cancer | WHO level of evidence (Ia-Ic, IIa-IIb) based on study design | WHO/WCRF (convincing, probable, possible, insufficient) |
Fatty acids | 2015 | DGE (Germany) (Wolfram et al., 2015) | Dietary fats | Adiposity, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidaemia/ hyperlipidaemia, blood pressure, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, cancer | ||
Dietary Reference Values for Sodium | 2019 | EFSA (EFSA, 2019b) | Sodium intake, as 24 hr sodium excretion (i.e., not self-reported) | Blood pressure, CVD, bone mineral density, osteoporotic fractures, sodium balance | OHAT/NTP Risk of bias tool (based on AHRQ, Cochrane, CLARITY etc.): selection, performance, attrition, detection and selective reporting bias | "Uncertainty analysis" based on consistency, precision, internal and external validity, etc. |
Dietary References Values for Copper | 2012 | EFSA, review by ANSES (France) (Bost et al., 2012) | Copper | Copper status, bioavailability, cardiac arrythmia, cancer, arthritis, cognitive function, respiratory disease, cardiovascular mortality | EURRECA system (high, moderate, low or unclear), partly based on Cochrane | Consistency, strength, and quality of the studies (see Dhonukshe-Rutten et al. (2013) & EFSA, 2010 (principles) (EFSA, 2010)) |
Dietary Reference Values for Riboflavin | 2014 | EFSA, review by Pallas Health Research (Netherlands) (Buijssen et al., 2014) | Riboflavin | Riboflavin status, biomarkers; cancer; mortality; bone health, infant health etc | ||
Dietary Reference Values for Phosphorus, Sodium and Chloride | 2013 | EFSA, review by Pallas Health Research (Netherlands) (Eeuwijk et al., 2013) | Phosphorus, sodium, chloride | Status, adequacy, health outcomes including cancer, CVD, kidney disease, all-cause and CVD mortality | ||
Dietary Reference Values for Niacin, Biotin and Vitamin B6 | 2012 | EFSA, review by Pallas Health Research (Netherlands) (Eeuwijk et al., 2012) | Niacin | Niacin / biotin / vitamin B6 status, adequacy, bioavailability, cancer, CVD, cognitive decline, infant health, all-cause mortality etc. | ||
Tolerable upper intake level for dietary sugars | 2022 | EFSA (2022) | Sugars (total / added / free), fructose, sources of sugars | Chronic metabolic diseases, pregnancy‐related endpoints, and dental caries | OHAT/NTP risk of bias (RoB) tool | "Uncertainty analysis" based on consistency, precision, internal and external validity, etc. |
Tolerable upper intake level for vitamin B6 | 2023 | EFSA (2023a) | Vitamin B6 | Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Peripheral neuropathy, developmental toxicity | OHAT/NTP risk of bias (RoB) tool | "Uncertainty analysis" based on consistency, precision, internal and external validity, etc. |
Tolerable upper intake level for selenium | 2023 | EFSA (2023b) | Selenium | Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Clinical effects, potential biomarkers of effect, risk of chronic diseases and impaired neuropsychological development in humans | OHAT/NTP risk of bias (RoB) tool | "Uncertainty analysis" based on consistency, precision, internal and external validity, etc. |
Tolerable upper intake level for folate | 2023 | Åkesson et al. (2023) | Folate / folic acid | Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Dose-response relationship with folate status. Neuropathy, cognitive function and dementia, cancer, other adverse effects | OHAT/NTP risk of bias (RoB) tool | "Uncertainty analysis" based on consistency, precision, internal and external validity, etc. |
Tolerable upper intake level for manganese | In press | Halldorsson et al. (in press) | Manganese | Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Neurologic effects, other adverse effects. | OHAT/NTP risk of bias (RoB) tool | "Uncertainty analysis" based on consistency, precision, internal and external validity, etc. |
Tolerable upper intake level for vitamin A | In press | Olsen et al. (in press) | Vitamin A | Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Teratogenicity. Hepatoxicity. Bone fractures / bone mineral density, other adverse effects. | OHAT/NTP risk of bias (RoB) tool | "Uncertainty analysis" based on consistency, precision, internal and external validity, etc. |
Vegetable intake | 2022 | GBD (Stanaway et al., 2022) | Vegetables (including fresh, frozen, cooked, canned or dried), excluding starchy vegetables such as potatoes and corn | Mortality or incidence of: ischemic heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes and esophageal cancer | Own quality score (score 0, best to 5, worst) based on exposure assessment, outcome assessment and confounding | “Burden of Proof Risk Function” (BPRF) star rating (from 1 to 5): 1 = non-significant association, 2 =weak evidence, 3 = moderate evidence, 4 = strong evidence, 5 = very strong evidence |
Red meat | 2022 | GBD (Lescinsky et al., 2022) | Unprocessed red meat (including beef, lamb and pork) | Mortality or incidence of: hemorrhagic stroke, type 2 diabetes, colorectal cancer, IHD and ischemic stroke; incidence of breast cancer | Own quality score (score 0, best to 5, worst) based on exposure assessment, outcome assessment and confounding | “Burden of Proof Risk Function” (BPRF) star rating (from 1 to 5): 1 = non-significant association, 2 =weak evidence, 3 = moderate evidence, 4 = strong evidence, 5 = very strong evidence |
Protein intake | 2022 | Netherlands Health Council (Hengeveld et al., 2022) | Protein | Lean body mass, muscle strength, physical performance, bone health, blood pressure, serum glucose and insulin, serum lipids, kidney function, cognition | Cochrane RoB 2.0 | “Convincing beneficial”, “likely beneficial”, “possible beneficial”, “ambiguous”, “likely no effect”, “too few studies” |
Milk and dairy consumption during pregnancy | 2012 | NNR2012: Brantsæter et al. (2012) | Milk and dairy products | Birth weight, fetal growth, large for gestational age, small for gestational age | NNR quality assessment tool (rated A, B or C) | WCRF (convincing, probable, limited - suggestive, limited - no conclusion) |
Dietary iron | 2013 | NNR2012: Domellof et al. (2013) | Iron intake at different life stages | Requirements for adequate growth, development and maintenance of health (anaemia, cognitive / behavioural function, cancer, cardiovascular disease) | ||
Dietary macronutrients | 2012 | NNR2012 (Fogelholm et al., 2012) | Dietary macronutrient consumption | Primary prevention of long-term weight/WC/body fat changes, or changes after weight loss | ||
Weight loss before conception | 2012 | NNR2012 (Forsum et al., 2013) | Weight loss before conception in women with overweight or obesity | Birth outcomes, childhood obesity / BMI obstetric risk, preeclampsia, postpartum weight retention, gestational diabetes mellitus, hypertension, postpartum depression, lactation, infant growth | ||
Iodine | 2012 | NNR2012 (Gunnarsdottir & Dahl, 2012) | Iodine status | Requirements for adequate growth, development and maintenance of health (pregnancy, childhood development, thyroid function, metabolism | WCRF | |
Breastfeeding, introduction of other foods and effects on health | 2013 | NNR2012: Hörnell et al. (2013b) | Breastfeeding and introduction of other foods | Growth in infancy, overweight and obesity, atopic disease, asthma, allergy, health and disease outcomes including infectious disease, cognitive and neurological development, CVD, cancer, diabetes, blood pressure, glucose tolerance, insulin resistance) |
Protein intake from 0 to 18 years of age | 2013 | NNR2012: Hörnell et al. (2013a) | Protein intake in infancy and childhood | Functional/clinical outcomes, risk factors (including serum lipids, glucose and insulin, blood pressure, body weight, bone health) | ||
Vitamin D | 2013 | NNR2012: Lamberg-Allardt et al. (2013) | Vitamin D | Dietary reference values, vitamin D status, requirements for adequate growth, development and maintenance of health, upper limits, pregnancy outcomes, bone health, cancer, diabetes, obesity, all-cause mortality, CVD, infections | ||
Protein intake in elderly populations | 2014 | NNR2012 (Pedersen & Cederholm, 2014) | Protein intake in elderly populations | Dietary requirements (nitrogen balance), muscle mass, bone health, physical training, potential risks | ||
Protein intake in adults | 2013 | NNR2012: (Pedersen et al., 2013) | Protein intake, protein sources | Dietary requirements, markers of functional or clinical outcomes (including serum lipids, glucose and insulin, blood pressure), pregnancy or birth outcomes, CVD, body weight, cancer, diabetes, fractures, renal function, physical training, muscular strength, mortality | ||
Dietary fat | 2014 | NNR2012: Schwab et al. (2014) | Types of dietary fat | Body weight, diabetes, CVD, cancer, all-cause mortality, risk factors (including serum lipids, glucose and insulin, blood pressure, inflammation) | ||
Sugar consumption | 2012 | NNR2012 (Sonestedt et al., 2012) | Sugar intake; sugar-sweetened beverages | Type 2 Diabetes, CVD, metabolic risk factors (including glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, dyslipidaemia, blood pressure, uric acid, inflammation), all-cause mortality | ||
Calcium | 2013 | NNR2012 (Uusi-Rasi et al., 2013) | Calcium | Calcium requirements, upper intake level, adequate growth, development and maintenance of health; bone health, muscle strength, cancer, autoimmune diseases, diabetes, obesity / weight control, all-cause mortality, CVD | ||
Health effects associated with foods characteristic of the Nordic diet | 2013 | NNR2012 (Åkesson et al., 2013) | Potatoes, berries, whole grains, dairy products, red meat / processed meat | CVD incidence and mortality, Type 2 diabetes, inflammatory factors, colorectal, prostate and breast cancer, bone health, iron status | NNR quality assessment tool | WCRF |
Carbohydrates | 2015 | SACN (UK) (2015) | Total carbohydrates, sugars, sugar-sweetened food / beverages, starch, starchy foods, dietary fibre, glycemic index/load | Obesity, cardio-metabolic health, energy intake, colorectal health (cancer, IBS, constipation), oral health | Cochrane RoB; observational studies: no formal grading, but markers of study quality = cohort size, attrition, follow-up time, sampling method and response rate, participant characteristics, dietary intake assessment | "Adequate", "moderate", "limited" (own grading system based on study quality, study size, methodological considerations, and specific criteria to upgrade, e.g., dose-response relationship) |
Fish | 2022 | VKM (Norway), Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (2022) | Fish/fish products, nutrients and contaminants in fish | CVD-outcomes, mortality, neurodevelopmental outcomes, birth outcomes, type 2 diabetes, bone health, dental enamel changes, overweight and obesity, immunological diseases, male fertility | NNR quality assessment tool (rated A, B or C), AMSTAR version 1 | WCRF |
Alcohol | 2018 | WCRF/AICR (2018b) | Alcoholic drinks (beer, wine, spirits, fermented milk, mead, cider) | Cancer (including of mouth, pharynx and larynx, oesophagus, liver, colorectal, breast, kidney, stomach, lung, pancreas, skin) | Cochrane RoB / NOS | WCRF |
Body fatness & weight gain | 2018 | WCRF/AICR (2018a) | Body fatness: BMI, waist circumference, W-H ratio; adult weight gain | Cancer (including of mouth, pharynx and larynx, oesophagus, liver, colorectal, breast, kidney, stomach, lung, pancreas, gallbladder, ovary, prostate etc.) | ||
Energy balance | 2018 | WCRF/AICR (2018d) | Dietary patterns, foods, macronutrients, energy density, lactation, physical activity | Weight gain, overweight and obesity | From NICE (2014) report (low, moderate, high quality) | |
Height and birthweight | 2018 | (WCRF/AICR, 2018c) | Attained height, growth, birthweight | Cancer (including of mouth, pharynx and larynx, oesophagus, liver, colorectal, breast, kidney, stomach, lung, pancreas, gallbladder, ovary, prostate etc.) | Cochrane RoB / NOS | |
Lactation | 2018 | WCRF/AICR (2018f) | Lactation | Cancer (including of breast, ovary, etc.) in the mother who is breastfeeding | ||
Meat, fish, dairy | 2018 | WCRF/AICR (2018g) | Meat, fish and dairy products, haem iron, diets high in calcium | Cancer (including of mouth, pharynx and larynx, oesophagus, liver, colorectal, breast, kidney, stomach, lung, pancreas, gallbladder, ovary, prostate etc.) | ||
Non-alcoholic drinks | 2018 | WCRF/AICR (2018h) | Non-alcoholic drinks: water / arsenic in drinking water, coffee, tea, mate | Cancer (including of mouth, pharynx and larynx, oesophagus, liver, colorectal, breast, kidney, stomach, lung, pancreas, gallbladder, ovary, prostate etc.) | ||
Other | 2018 | WCRF/AICR (2018i) | Dietary patterns, macronutrients, micronutrients in foods or supplements, glycemic load | Cancer (including of mouth, pharynx and larynx, oesophagus, liver, colorectal, breast, kidney, stomach, lung, pancreas, gallbladder, ovary, prostate etc.) | ||
Physical activity | 2018 | (WCRF/AICR, 2018b) | Physical activity, types of physical activity, intensity. | Cancer (including of mouth, pharynx and larynx, oesophagus, liver, colorectal, breast, kidney, stomach, lung, pancreas, gallbladder, ovary, prostate etc.) | ||
Preservation and processing | 2018 | WCRF/AICR (2018a) | Salting, curing, fermentation, smoking; processed meat and fish | Cancer (including of mouth, pharynx and larynx, oesophagus, liver, colorectal, breast, kidney, stomach, lung, pancreas, gallbladder, ovary, prostate etc.) | ||
Whole grains, fruit, vegetables | 2018 | WCRF/AICR (2018e) | Whole grains, pulses (legumes), vegetables, fruits, dietary fibre, aflatoxins, beta-carotene, carotenoids, vitamin C, isoflavones | Cancer (including of mouth, pharynx and larynx, oesophagus, liver, colorectal, breast, kidney, stomach, lung, pancreas, gallbladder, ovary, prostate etc.) | ||
Sugars | 2015 | WHO (2015) | Total, added or free sugars, sugar-sweetened beverages, fruit juice | Body weight, body fatness, dental caries | Cochrane RoB / cohort studies: own | |
Sodium | 2012 | WHO (2012) | Sodium intake/reduced sodium intake, sodium excretion | Cardiovascular diseases, all-cause mortality, blood pressure, renal function, blood lipids, potential adverse effects | Cochrane RoB | |
Potassium | 2012 | WHO (Aburto et al., 2013) | Potassium intake, 24 h urinary potassium excretion | Blood pressure, cardiovascular diseases, all-cause mortality, cholesterol, noradrenaline, creatinine, side effects | Cochrane RoB | |
Trans-fats | 2016 | WHO (de Souza et al., 2015); Brouwer (2016); Reynolds et al. (2022) | Trans fatty acids | All-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes; blood lipids | Cochrane RoB (for TFA and blood lipids) / NOS | |
Saturated fats | 2016 | WHO (Hooper et al., 2015; Hooper et al., 2020; Mensink, 2016; Reynolds et al., 2022) | Saturated fat reduction | Cardiovascular disease, mortality, blood lipids, other risk factors, growth (children) | Cochrane RoB, other potential sources of bias, e.g. compliance | |
Carbohydrate quality | 2019 | WHO (Reynolds et al., 2019) | Markers of carbohydrate quality, i.e. dietary fibre, glycaemic index/ load, whole grains | All-cause mortality, coronary heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, colorectal cancer, adiposity-related cancers, adiposity, fasting glucose/insulin/insulin sensitivity/HbA1c, blood lipids, blood pressure | Cochrane RoB / NOS / ROBIS | |
Omega-3, Omega- 6 and polyunsaturated fat | 2020 | WHO (Brainard et al., 2020) | Higher vs lower omega-3, omega-6, or polyunsaturated fats | New neurocognitive illness, newly impaired cognition, and/or continuous measures of cognition | Cochrane RoB | |
Non-sugar sweeteners | 2022 | WHO (Rios-Leyvraz & Montez, 2022) | Non-sugar sweeteners | Adiposity, type 2 diabetes, all-cause mortality, CVD, cancer, energy intake, sugars intake, pregnancy | Cochrane RoB / NOS / ROBINS-I |
Nutrient | Reference | Title | Published/ commissioned by |
Fluid and water balance | |||
Energy | WCRF/AICR (2018a) | Body fatness and weight gain and the risk of cancer | WCRF/AICR |
WCRF/AICR (2018d) | Diet, nutrition and physical activity: Energy balance and body fatness | WCRF/AICR | |
Fat and fatty acids | Fogelholm et al. (2012) | Dietary macronutrients and food consumption as determinants of long-term weight change in adult populations: a systematic literature review. | NNR2012 |
Schwab et al. (2014) | Effect of the amount and type of dietary fat on cardiometabolic risk factors and risk of developing type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer: a systematic review | NNR2012 | |
Wolfram et al. (2015) | Evidence-Based Guideline of the German Nutrition Society: Fat Intake and Prevention of Selected Nutrition-Related Diseases | DGE | |
de Souza et al. (2015) | Intake of saturated and trans unsaturated fatty acids and risk of all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies | WHO | |
Brouwer (2016) | Effects of trans-fatty acid intake on blood lipids and lipoproteins: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis | WHO | |
Mensink (2016) | Effects of saturated fatty acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins: a systematic review and regression analysis | WHO | |
Balk et al. (2016) | Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease: An Updated Systematic Review | AHRQ | |
Newberry et al. (2016) | Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Maternal and Child Health: An Updated Systematic Review | AHRQ | |
Te Morenga and Montez (2017) | Health effects of saturated and trans-fatty acid intake in children and adolescents: Systematic review and meta-analysis | WHO | |
Hooper et al. (2020) | Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease | WHO | |
Brainard et al. (2020) | Omega-3, Omega-6, and Polyunsaturated Fat for Cognition: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Trials | WHO | |
Snetselaar et al. (2020a) | Types of Dietary Fat and Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review | DGAC2020 | |
Donovan et al. (2020a) | Omega-3 fatty acids from Supplements Consumed before and during Pregnancy and Lactation and Developmental Milestones, Including Neurocognitive Development, in the Child: A Systematic Review | DGAC2020 | |
Bärebring et al. (2022) | Supplementation with long chain n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy, lactation, or infancy in relation to risk of asthma and atopic disease during childhood: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials | NNR2023 | |
Nwaru et al. (2022) | Quality of dietary fat and risk of Alzheimer's disease and dementia in adults aged >/=50 years: a systematic review | NNR2023 | |
Reynolds et al. (2022) | Saturated fat and trans-fat intakes and their replacement with other macronutrients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies | WHO | |
Carbohydrates | Hauner et al. (2012) | Evidence-based guideline of the German Nutrition Society: carbohydrate intake and prevention of nutrition-related diseases | DGE |
Sonestedt et al. (2012) | Does high sugar consumption exacerbate cardiometabolic risk factors and increase the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease? | NNR2012 | |
Fogelholm et al. (2012) | Dietary macronutrients and food consumption as determinants of long-term weight change in adult populations: a systematic literature review | NNR2012 | |
WHO (2015) | Guideline: Sugars intake for adults and children | WHO | |
SACN (2015) | Carbohydrates and Health | SACN | |
Reynolds et al. (2019) | Carbohydrate quality and human health: a series of systematic reviews and meta-analyses | WHO | |
Mayer-Davis et al. (2020e) | Added Sugars Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review | DGAC2020 | |
Dietary fibre | Fogelholm et al. (2012) | Dietary macronutrients and food consumption as determinants of long-term weight change in adult populations: a systematic literature review | NNR2012 |
Hauner et al. (2012) | Evidence-based guideline of the German Nutrition Society: carbohydrate intake and prevention of nutrition-related diseases | DGE | |
SACN (2015) | Carbohydrates and Health | SACN | |
Reynolds et al. (2019) | Carbohydrate quality and human health: a series of systematic reviews and meta-analyses | WHO | |
Dierkes et al. (2023) | Dietary fiber and growth, iron status and bowel function in children 0–5 years old: a systematic review | NNR2023 | |
Protein | Fogelholm et al. (2012) | Dietary macronutrients and food consumption as determinants of long-term weight change in adult populations: a systematic literature review | NNR2012 |
Hörnell et al. (2013a) | Protein intake from 0 to 18 years of age and its relation to health: a systematic literature review for the 5th Nordic Nutrition Recommendations | NNR2012 | |
Pedersen et al. (2013) | Health effects of protein intake in healthy adults: a systematic literature review | NNR2012 | |
Pedersen & Cederholm (2014) | Health effects of protein intake in healthy elderly populations: a systematic literature review | NNR2012 | |
Hengeveld et al. (2022) | Health Effects of Increasing Protein Intake Above the Current Population Reference Intake in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of the Health Council of the Netherlands | Health Council of the Netherlands | |
Arnesen et al. (2022) | Protein intake in children and growth and risk of overweight or obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis | NNR2023 | |
Lamberg-Allardt et al. (2023b) | Animal versus plant-based protein and risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies | NNR2023 | |
Nutrient | Reference | Title | Published/ commissioned by |
Vitamin A | Olsen et al. (in press) | Preparatory work for the update of the tolerable upper intake levels for vitamin A | EFSA |
Vitamin D | Lamberg-Allardt et al. (2013) | Vitamin D - a systematic literature review for the 5th edition of the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations | NNR2012 |
Newberry et al. (2014) | Vitamin D and Calcium: A Systematic Review of Health Outcomes (Update) | AHRQ | |
Dewey et al. (2020c) | Vitamin D from Supplements Consumed during Infancy and Toddlerhood and Bone Health: A Systematic Review | DGAC2020 | |
Lamberg-Allardt et al. (2023a) | Preparatory work for the update of the tolerable upper intake levels for vitamin D | EFSA | |
Riboflavin | Buijssen et al. (2014) | Literature search and review related to specific preparatory work in the establishment of Dietary Reference Values for Riboflavin | EFSA |
Niacin | Eeuwijk et al. (2012) | Literature search and review related to specific preparatory work in the establishment of Dietary Reference Values for Niacin, Biotin and Vitamin B6 | EFSA |
Vitamin B6 | Eeuwijk et al. (2012) | Literature search and review related to specific preparatory work in the establishment of Dietary Reference Values for Niacin, Biotin and Vitamin B6 | EFSA |
EFSA (2023a) | Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for vitamin B6 | EFSA | |
Folate | Donovan et al. (2020e) | Folic Acid from Fortified Foods and/or Supplements during Pregnancy and Lactation and Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review | DGAC 2020 |
Åkesson et al. (2023) | Preparatory work for the update of the tolerable upper intake levels for folic acid/folate | EFSA | |
Vitamin B12 | Bärebring et al. (2023) | Intake of vitamin B12 in relation to vitamin B12 status in groups susceptible to deficiency: A systematic review | NNR2023 |
Biotin | Eeuwijk et al. (2012) | Literature search and review related to specific preparatory work in the establishment of Dietary Reference Values for Niacin, Biotin and Vitamin B6 | EFSA |
Calcium | Uusi-Rasi et al. (2013) | Calcium intake in health maintenance - a systematic review | NNR2012 |
Newberry et al. (2014) | Vitamin D and Calcium: A Systematic Review of Health Outcomes (Update) | AHRQ | |
Phosphorus | Eeuwijk et al. (2013) | Literature search and review related to specific preparatory work in the establishment of Dietary Reference Values for Phosphorus, Sodium and Chloride | EFSA |
Sodium | WHO (2012) | Guideline: Sodium intake for adults and children | WHO |
Eeuwijk et al. (2013) | Literature search and review related to specific preparatory work in the establishment of Dietary Reference Values for Phosphorus, Sodium and Chloride | EFSA | |
Neale and Clark (2017) | Australian and New Zealand Nutrient Reference Values for Sodium Systematic Literature Review | Australian Department of Health and New Zealand Ministry of Health | |
Newberry et al. (2018) | Sodium and Potassium Intake: Effects on Chronic Disease Outcomes and Risks | AHRQ | |
EFSA (2019b) | Dietary reference values for sodium | EFSA | |
NASEM (2019) | Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium | NASEM | |
Potassium | Aburto et al. (2013) | Effect of increased potassium intake on cardiovascular risk factors and disease: systematic review and meta-analyses | WHO |
Newberry et al. (2018) | Sodium and Potassium Intake: Effects on Chronic Disease Outcomes and Risks | AHRQ | |
NASEM (2019) | Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium | NASEM | |
Iron | Domellöf et al. (2013) | Health effects of different dietary iron intakes: a systematic literature review for the 5th Nordic Nutrition Recommendations | NNR2012 |
Dewey et al. (2020d) | Iron from Supplements Consumed During Infancy and Toddlerhood and Growth, Size, and Body Composition: A Systematic Review | DGAC2020 | |
Iodine | Gunnarsdottir and Dahl (2012) | Iodine intake in human nutrition: a systematic literature review | NNR 2012 |
Selenium | EFSA (2023b) | Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for selenium | EFSA |
Copper | Bost et al. (2012) | Literature search and review related to specific preparatory work in the establishment of Dietary References Values for Copper | EFSA |
Manganese | Halldorsson et al. (in press) | Preparatory work for the update of the tolerable upper intake levels for manganese | EFSA |
Phytochemicals and antioxidants | WCRF/AICR (2018c) | Diet, nutrition, physical activity, and lung cancer | WCRF/AICR |
O’Connor et al. (2022) | Vitamin, Mineral, and Multivitamin Supplementation for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer | AHRQ |
Food group | Qualified SR | Title | Published/ commissioned by |
Breastfeeding | Victora et al. (2016) | Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect | WHO |
WCRF/AICR (2018d) | Energy balance and body fatness | WCRF/AICR | |
Dewey et al. (2020b) | The Duration, Frequency, and Volume of Exclusive Human Milk and/or Infant Formula Consumption and Nutrient Status: A Systematic Review | DGAC2020 | |
Dewey et al. (2020a) | The Duration, Frequency, and Volume of Exclusive Human Milk and/or Infant Formula Consumption and Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review | DGAC2020 | |
Güngör et al. (2019b) | Infant milk-feeding practices and food allergies, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and asthma throughout the life span: a systematic review | DGAC2020 | |
Güngör et al. (2019e) | Infant milk-feeding practices and diagnosed celiac disease and inflammatory bowel disease in offspring: a systematic review | DGAC2020 | |
Güngör et al. (2019a) | Infant milk-feeding practices and childhood leukemia: a systematic review | DGAC2020 | |
Güngör et al. (2019c) | Infant milk-feeding practices and cardiovascular disease outcomes in offspring: a systematic review | DGAC2020 | |
Güngör et al. (2019d) | Infant milk-feeding practices and diabetes outcomes in offspring: a systematic review | DGAC2020 | |
Complementary feeding | Obbagy et al. (2019a) | Complementary feeding and micronutrient status: a systematic review | DGAC2020 |
Obbagy et al. (2019c) | Complementary feeding and bone health: a systematic review | DGAC2020 | |
Obery et al. (2019b) | Complementary feeding and food allergy, atopic dermatitis/eczema, asthma, and allergic rhinitis: a systematic review | DGAC2020 | |
EFSA (2019a) | Appropriate age range for introduction of complementary feeding into an infant's diet | EFSA | |
de Silva et al. (2020) | Preventing food allergy in infancy and childhood: Systematic review of randomised controlled trials. | EAACI | |
English et al. (2019b) | Timing of introduction of complementary foods and beverages and growth, size, and body composition: a systematic review | DGAC2020 | |
English et al. (2019c) | Types and amounts of complementary foods and beverages consumed and growth, size, and body composition: a systematic review | DGAC2020 | |
English et al. (2019a) | Complementary feeding and developmental milestones: a systematic review | DGAC2020 | |
Spill et al. (2019) | Repeated exposure to food and food acceptability in infants and toddlers: a systematic review | DGAC 2020 | |
Arnesen et al. (2022) | Protein intake in children and growth and risk of overweight or obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis | NNR2023 | |
Padhani et al. (2023) | Optimal timing of introduction of complementary feeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | WHO | |
Beverages | Sonestedt et al. (2012) | Does high sugar consumption exacerbate cardiometabolic risk factors and increase the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease? | NNR2012 |
WHO (2015) | Guideline: Sugars intake for adults and children | WHO | |
SACN (2015) | Carbohydrates and Health | SACN | |
WCRF/AICR (2018h) | Non-alcoholic drinks and the risk of cancer | WCRF/AICR | |
Mayer-Davis et al. (2020e) | Added Sugars Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review | DGAC2020 | |
Mayer-Davis et al. (2020b) | Beverage Consumption and Growth, Size, Body Composition, and Risk of Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review | ||
EFSA (2022) | Tolerable upper intake level for dietary sugars | EFSA | |
Rios-Leyvraz & Montez (2022) | Health effects of the use of non-sugar sweeteners: a systematic review and meta-analysis | WHO | |
Rousham et al. (2022) | Unhealthy Food and Beverage Consumption in Children and Risk of Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis | WHO | |
Cereals (grains) | Reynolds et al. (2019) | Carbohydrate quality and human health: a series of systematic reviews and meta-analyses | WHO |
WCRF/AICR (2018e) | Wholegrains, vegetables and fruit and the risk of cancer | WCRF/AICR | |
Vegetables, fruits and berries | Fogelholm (2012) | Dietary macronutrients and food consumption as determinants of long-term weight change in adult populations: a systematic literature review | NNR2012 |
WCRF/AICR 2018 (2018e) | Wholegrains, vegetables and fruit and the risk of cancer | WCRF/AICR | |
Stanaway et al. (2022) | Health effects associated with vegetable consumption: a Burden of Proof study | GBD | |
Potatoes | Åkesson et al. (2013) | Health effects associated with foods characteristic of the Nordic diet: a systematic literature review | NNR2012 |
SACN (2015) | Carbohydrates and Health | SACN | |
Fruit juice | SACN (2015) | Carbohydrates and Health | SACN |
WCRF/AICR (2018d) | Energy balance and body fatness | WCRF/AICR | |
Mayer-Davis et al. (2020b) | Beverage consumption | DGAC2020 | |
Pulses (legumes) | SACN (2015) | Carbohydrates and Health | SACN |
WCRF (2018e) | Wholegrains, vegetables and fruit and the risk of cancer | WCRF/AICR | |
Lamberg-Allardt et al. (2023b) | Animal versus plant-based protein and risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies | NNR2023 | |
Thorísdottír et al. (2023) | Legume consumption in adults and risk of cardiovascular disease or type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis | NNR2023 | |
Nuts and seeds | Arnesen et al.(2023) | Nuts and seeds consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and their risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis | NNR2023 |
Fish and seafod | WCRF/AICR (2018g) | Meat, fish, and dairy products and the risk of cancer | WCRF/AICR |
Snetselaar et al. (2020d) | Seafood Consumption during Pregnancy and Lactation and Neurocognitive Development in the Child: A Systematic Review | DGAC2020 | |
Snetselaar et al. (2020c) | Seafood Consumption during Childhood and Adolescence and Neurocognitive Development: A Systematic Review | DGAC2020 | |
Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (2022) | Benefit and risk assessment of fish in the Norwegian diet | Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment | |
Red meat | WCRF/AICR (2018g) | Meat, fish, and dairy products and the risk of cancer | WCRF/AICR |
Lescinsky et al. (2022) | Health effects associated with consumption of unprocessed red meat: a Burden of Proof study | GBD | |
White meat | WCRF/AICR (2018g) | Meat, fish, and dairy products and the risk of cancer | WCRF/AICR |
Ramel et al. (in press) | White meat consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis | NNR2023 | |
Milk and dairy products | Åkesson et al. (2013) | Health effects associated with foods characteristic of the Nordic diet: a systematic literature review | NNR2012 |
WCRF/AICR (2018g) | Meat, fish, and dairy products and the risk of cancer | WCRF/AICR | |
Lamberg-Allardt et al. (2023b) | Animal versus plant-based protein and risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies | NNR2023 | |
Sweets | EFSA (2022) | Tolerable upper intake level for dietary sugars | EFSA |
Mayer-Davis et al. (2020e) | Added Sugars Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review | DGAC2020 | |
WHO (2015) | Guideline: Sugars intake for adults and children | WHO | |
Rousham et al. (2022) | Unhealthy Food and Beverage Consumption in Children and Risk of Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis | WHO | |
Alcohol | WCRF/AICR, 2018 (2018b) | Alcoholic drinks and the risk of cancer | WCRF/AICR |
Mayer-Davis et al. (2020c) | Alcohol Consumption and All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review | DGAC2020 | |
Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction (2023) | Canada’s Guidance on Alcohol and Health: Final Report | Health Canada | |
2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (2020) | Dietary Patterns and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review | DGAC2020 | |
Dietary patterns | Boushey et al. (2020d) | Dietary Patterns and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review | DGAC2020 |
Boushey et al. (2020b) | Dietary Patterns and Growth, Size, Body Composition, and/or Risk of Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review | DGAC2020 | |
Boushey et al. (2020a) | Dietary Patterns and All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review. | DGAC2020 | |
Boushey et al. (2020c) | Dietary Patterns and Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review | DGAC2020 | |
Boushey et al. (2020e) | Dietary Patterns and Breast, Colorectal, Lung, and Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review | DGAC2020 | |
Boushey et al. (2020f) | Dietary Patterns and Bone Health: A Systematic Review | DGAC2020 | |
Boushey et al. (2020g) | Dietary Patterns and Neurocognitive Health: A Systematic Review. | DGAC2020 | |
Heymsfield et al. (2020c) | Frequency of Eating and Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review | DGAC2020 | |
Meal patterns | Heymsfield et al. (2020a) | Frequency of Eating and Growth, Size, Body Composition, and Risk of Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review | DGAC2020 |
Heymsfield et al. (2020b) | Frequency of Eating and Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review | DGAC2020 |
Critical domains | Non-critical domains | |
High confidence | All YES, and | 0-2 NO |
Moderate confidence | All YES, and | 3 or more NO |
Low confidence | 1 NO, and | 0-2 NO |
Critically low confidence | 1 NO, and | 3 or more NO |
Critically low confidence | 2 or more NO |
Age | Body weight (kg) | Height (cm) | ||
F | M | F | M | |
18–24 y | 64.2 | 75.2 | 167 | 181 |
25–50 y | 64.1 | 74.8 | 167 | 180 |
51–70 y | 62.5 | 73.0 | 165 | 178 |
>70 y | 60.6 | 70.6 | 162 | 175 |
Pregnant | 76.4 | 167 | ||
Lactating | 62.4 | 167 | ||
Age (years) | Height (cm) | Weight (kg) | BMI 50th percentiles |
0 | 50.3 | 3.5 | |
1 | 75.3 | 9.7 | |
2 | 87.2 | 12.4 | |
3 | 95.7 | 14.6 | |
4 | 103.5 | 16.8 | |
5 | 110.6 | 19.0 | 15.2 |
6 | 118.7 | 21.6 | 15.3 |
7 | 124.7 | 24.0 | 15.4 |
8 | 130.5 | 26.7 | 15.7 |
9 | 136.1 | 29.8 | 16.1 |
10 | 142.0 | 33.5 | 16.6 |
11 | 148.1 | 37.7 | 17.2 |
12 | 154.4 | 42.9 | 18.0 |
13 | 159.8 | 48.0 | 18.8 |
14 | 163.4 | 52.3 | 19.6 |
15 | 165.4 | 55.3 | 20.2 |
16 | 166.7 | 57.5 | 20.7 |
17 | 167.4 | 58.8 | 21.0 |
Age (years) | Height (cm) | Weight (kg) | BMI 50th percentiles |
0 | 50.9 | 3.6 | |
1 | 77.1 | 10.4 | |
2 | 88.6 | 13.2 | |
3 | 96.9 | 15.2 | |
4 | 104.6 | 17.4 | |
5 | 111.5 | 19.3 | 15.3 |
6 | 119.7 | 21.9 | 15.3 |
7 | 125.9 | 24.6 | 15.5 |
8 | 131.6 | 27.2 | 15.7 |
9 | 137.1 | 30.1 | 16.0 |
10 | 142.5 | 33.3 | 16.4 |
11 | 147.8 | 36.9 | 16.9 |
12 | 153.7 | 41.4 | 17.5 |
13 | 160.7 | 47.0 | 18.2 |
14 | 167.3 | 53.2 | 19.0 |
15 | 173.3 | 59.4 | 19.8 |
16 | 177.0 | 64.2 | 20.5 |
17 | 179.3 | 67.8 | 21.1 |
Age (months) | Average daily energy requirements kJ/kg body weight | |
Boys | Girls | |
1 | 486 | 469 |
3 | 411 | 404 |
6 | 339 | 342 |
12 | 337 | 333 |
Age (Years) | BEE |
Girls <3 3–10 11–18 | 0.127 W + 2.94 H – 1.20 0.0666 W + 0.878 H + 1.46 0.0393 W + 1.04 H + 1.93 |
Women 19–30 31–60 61–70 >70 | 0.0433 W + 2.57 H – 1.180 0.0342W + 2.10 H – 0.0486 0.0356 W + 1.76 H + 0.0448 0.0356 W + 1.76 H + 0.0448 |
Boys <3 3–10 11–18 | 0.118 W + 3.59 H – 1.55 0.0632 W + 1.31 H +1.28 0.0651 W + 1.11 H + 1.25 |
Men 19–30 31–60 61–70 >70 | 0.0600 W + 1.31 H + 0.473 0.0476 W + 2.26 H – 0.574 0.0478 W 0+ 2.26 H – 1.070 0.0478 W 0+ 2.26 H – 1.070 |
Life stage | Reference weight (kg) | Reference height (m) | BEE equation from Henry (2005) | BEE (MJ/d) |
CHILDREN | ||||
1-3 y | 13.6 | 0.92 | Girls: 0.127 W + 2.94 H – 1.20 Boys: 0.118 W + 3.59 H – 1.55 | 3.3 |
4-6 y | 20.7 | 1.15 | Girls: 0.0666 W + 0.878 H + 1.46 Boys: 0.0632 W + 1.31 H +1.28 | 4.0 |
7-10 y | 30.8 | 1.37 | Girls: 0.0666 W + 0.878 H + 1.46 Boys: 0.0632 W + 1.31 H +1.28 | 4.9 |
FEMALES | ||||
11-14 y | 46.5 | 1.57 | 0.0393 W + 1.04 H + 1.93 | 5.4 |
15-17 y | 57.8 | 1.67 | 0.0393 W + 1.04 H + 1.93 | 5.9 |
18-24 y | 64.2 | 1.67 | 0.0433 W + 2.57 H – 1.180 | 5.9 |
25-50 y | 64.1 | 1.67 | 0.0342W + 2.10 H – 0.0486 | 5.7 |
51-70 y | 62.5 | 1.65 | 0.0356 W + 1.76 H + 0.0448 | 5.2 |
> 70 y | 60.6 | 1.62 | 0.0356 W + 1.76 H + 0.0448 | 5.1 |
Pregnancy | ||||
≤ 50 y | 76.4 | 1.67 | Average of 16–50y | 6.4 |
Lactation | ||||
≤ 50 y | 62.4 | 1.67 | Average of 16–50y | 7.8 |
MALES | ||||
11-14 y | 48.2 | 1.61 | 0.0651 W + 1.11 H + 1.25 | 6.2 |
15-17 y | 65.6 | 1.77 | 0.0651 W + 1.11 H + 1.25 | 7.5 |
18-24 y | 75.2 | 1.81 | 0.0600 W + 1.31 H + 0.473 | 7.4 |
25-50 y | 74.8 | 1.80 | 0.0476 W + 2.26 H – 0.574 | 7.1 |
51-70 y | 73.0 | 1.78 | 0.0478 W 0+ 2.26 H – 1.070 | 6.4 |
> 70 y | 70.6 | 1.75 | 0.0478 W 0+ 2.26 H – 1.070 | 6.3 |
Age, years | Reference weight, kg | BEE, kcal/d | Average PAL 1.4, kcal/d | Average PAL 1.6, kcal/d | Active PAL 1.8, kcal/d |
FEMALES | |||||
18-24 y | 64.2 | 1410 | 1984 | 2247 | 2533 |
25-50 y | 64.1 | 1362 | 1912 | 2151 | 2438 |
51-70 y | 62.5 | 1243 | 1721 | 1984 | 2223 |
>70 y | 60.6 | 1219 | 1697 | 1960 | 2199 |
MALES | |||||
18-24 y | 75.2 | 1769 | 2486 | 2820 | 3155 |
25-50 y | 74.8 | 1697 | 2366 | 2701 | 3035 |
51-70 y | 73.0 | 1530 | 2151 | 2462 | 2772 |
>70 y | 70.6 | 1506 | 2103 | 2414 | 2701 |
Pregnancy | |||||
≤50 y | 76.4 | 1530 | 2141 | 2447 | 2753 |
Lactation³ | |||||
≤50 y | 62.4 | 1864 | 2610 | 2983 | 3356 |
Age | Reference weight, kg1 | BEE, kcal/d | Estimated energy requirement, kcal/d2 |
1-3 y | 13.6 | 789 | 1099 |
4-6 y | 20.7 | 956 | 1506 |
7-10 y | 30.8 | 1171 | 1864 |
11-14 y | 46.5 | 1291 | 2199 |
15-17 y | 57.8 | 1410 | 2414 |
11-14 y | 48.2 | 1482 | 2510 |
15-17 y | 65.6 | 1793 | 3035 |
Nutrient | Criteria of adequacy for deriving DRVs | Source for deriving DRVs | Type of data | Factorial approach | CV % to derive RI | Type of DRV |
Vitamin A RE | Maintenance of liver stores (20 µg retinol/g liver) | EFSA | Factorial method | Target liver concentration (20 μg retinol/g) × body/liver retinol stores ratio [1.25] × liver/body weight ratio (%) [2.4 %] × fractional catabolic rate of retinol (%) [0.7 %] × (1/efficiency of body storage (%) [50 %]) × reference body weight (kg) × 10³ | 15 | AR RI |
Thiamin mg | Biomarker and erythrocyte transketolase activity coefficient | EFSA | Dose-response | 0.072 mg/MJ | 20 | AR RI |
Riboflavin mg | Biomarker | EFSA | Dose-response | 10 | AR RI | |
Niacin NE | Biomarker | EFSA | Dose-response | 1.3 NE/MJ | 10 | AR RI |
Pantothenic acid mg | Observed intake | EFSA | Dietary surveys | AI p-AR | ||
Vitamin B6 mg | Biomarker (plasma pyridoxal 5-phosphate of 30 nmol/l) | EFSA | Dose-response | 10 | AR RI | |
Folate µg DFE | Biormarkers (serum and red blood cell folate of ≥10 and ≥340 nmol/L, respectively; plasma homocysteine) | EFSA | Dose-response | 15 | AR RI | |
Vitamin B12 µg | Vitamin B12 biomarkers; observed intakes | EFSA | Interventional and cross-sectional studies; dietary surveys | AI p-AR | ||
Biotin µg | Observed intakes | EFSA | Dietary surveys | AI p-AR | ||
Vitamin C mg | Biomarker Females: Extrapolated from males | EFSA | Dose-response, corrected for losses and absorption efficiency [80 %] Females: Extrapolated from males with isometric scaling | 10 | AR RI | |
Vitamin D µg | Biomarker (25(OH)D above 50 nmol/l) | NNR2023: Brustad and Meyer (2023) | Dose-response, regression | 15 | AR RI | |
Vitamin E mg | Basal requirement + prevention of PUFA oxidation | Raederstorff et al. (2015) | Factorial approach | Basal requirement [4 mg TE/d] + 0,5 x PUFA in grams (at 5 E%) | AI p-AR | |
Vitamin K µg | Biomarkers (functional prothrombin, g-carboxyglutamic acid) | EFSA | Dose-response | 1 µg/kg bodyweight | AI p-AR | |
Choline mg | Observed intake; prevention of deficiency symptoms | EFSA | Dietary surveys; depletion-repletion study | AI p-AR |
Nutrient | Criteria for deriving DRVs | Source for deriving DRVs | Type of data | Factorial approach | CV % to derive RI | Type of DRV |
Calcium mg | Replacement of calcium losses | EFSA | Dose-response | RI based on 97.5th percentile of calcium null balance | AR RI | |
Phosphorus mg | Recommended calcium intake; molar ratio of calcium to phosphorus (1.4:1) | EFSA | Studies on bone mineral content | AI p-AR | ||
Potassium mg | Blood pressure and stroke risk | EFSA | Intervention and prospective observational studies | AI p-AR | ||
Magnesium mg | Observed intake | EFSA | Dietary surveys | AI p-AR | ||
Copper µg | Biomarkers (including plasma copper, serum ceruloplasmin and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity) | IOM | Depletion-repletion studies | 15 | AR RI | |
Fluoride µg | Prevention of caries | EFSA | Intervention and observational studies in children | 0.05 mg/kg body weight | AI p-AR | |
Iron mg | Replacement of daily iron loss | NNR2023: Domellöf and Sjöberg (2023) | Basal loss (14 µg/kg/day) + menstrual loss in females (0.45 mg/day), absorption efficiency 15 % | RI based on 95th percentile menstrual loss in females (1.32 mg/day); CV 15 % in males | AR RI | |
Zinc mg | Zinc balance, accounting for absorption efficiency based on phytate intake | EFSA | Modelling, isotope dilution and balance studies | Physiological requirement (0.642 + 0.038 x kg body weight), absorption efficiency based phytate intake (600 mg/day used in NNR2023) | 10 | AR RI |
Iodine µg | Urinary iodine associated with prevention of goitre (extrapolated from children) | EFSA | Cross-sectional study in children | AI p-AR | ||
Selenium µg | Biomarker | NNR2023: Alexander and Olsen (2023), EFSA | Intervention study | 1.2 µg/kg body weight | AI p-AR | |
Manganese mg | Observed intake Manganese homeostasis | EFSA | Dietary surveys, balance studies | AI p-AR | ||
Molybdenum µg | Observed intake (lower end) Molybdenum homeostasis | EFSA | Dietary surveys, balance studies | AI p-AR |
Nutrient | Criteria of adequacy for deriving DRVs | Source for deriving DRVs | Type of data | Type of scaling | Factorial approach | CV % to derive RI | Type of DRV |
Vitamin A RE | Maintenance of liver stores (20 µg retinol/g liver) | EFSA | Factorial method | Pregnant: AR for non-pregnant females + fetal and maternal tissues accumulation [3600 µg], correcting for retinol efficiency of storage [50 %] | 15 | AR RI | |
Lactating: AR for non-lactating women + amount secreted in breast milk [424 µg/d], correcting for absorption efficiency [80 %] | |||||||
Thiamin mg | Biomarker and erythrocyte transketolase activity coefficient | EFSA | Dose-response | 0.072 mg/MJ | 20 | AR RI | |
Riboflavin mg | Biomarker | EFSA | Dose-response | Pregnant: Allometric from non-pregnant | Lactating: AR for non-lactating + amount secreted in breast milk [0.291 mg], correcting for absorption efficiency [95 %] | 10 | AR RI |
Niacin NE | Biomarker | EFSA | Dose-response | 1.3 NE/MJ | 10 | AR RI | |
Pantothenic acid mg | Observed intake | EFSA | Dietary surveys | Lactating: AI for non-lactating + amount secreted in breast milk [2 mg] | AI p-AR | ||
Vitamin B6 mg | Biomarker (plasma pyridoxal 5-phosphate of 30 nmol/l) | EFSA | Dose-response | Pregnant: Non-pregnant + (Vitamin B6 in human tissue [0.0037] x gestational weight gain [14 kg] /bioavailability [75%])/pregnancy duration in days [280] | 10 | AR RI | |
Lactating: Non-lactating + breast milk concentration [0,13 mg/l], correcting for absorption efficiency [75%] | |||||||
Folate µg DFE | Biomarkers (serum and red blood cell folate ≥10 and ≥340 nmol/L, respectively; plasma homocysteine) | EFSA | Pregnant: Controlled study Dose-response | Pregnant: | AI | ||
Lactating: AR for non-lactating + breast milk excretion, 50 % absorption | 15 | AR RI | |||||
Vitamin B12 µg | Vitamin B12 biomarkers; observed intakes | EFSA | Interventional and cross-sectional studies; dietary surveys | Pregnant: AI for non-pregnant + 0,5 µg/d | AI p-AR | ||
Lactating: AI for non-lactating + breast milk extraction [0.5 µg/l], 40 % absorption | |||||||
Biotin µg | Observed intakes | EFSA | Dietary surveys | Lactating: AI for non-lactating + 4 µg | AI p-AR | ||
Vitamin C mg | Biomarker Females: Extrapolated from males | EFSA | Dose-response, corrected for losses and absorption efficiency [80 %] Females: Extrapolated from males with isometric scaling | Isometric, from men | 10 | AR RI | |
Vitamin D µg | Biomarker (25(OH)D above 50 nmol/l) | NNR2023: Brustad and Meyer (2023) | Dose-response, regression | 15 | AR RI | ||
Vitamin E mg | Basal requirement + prevention of PUFA oxidation | Raederstorff et al. (2015) | Factorial approach | Basal requirement [4 mg TE/d] + 0,5 x PUFA in grams (at 5 E%) | AI p-AR | ||
Vitamin K µg | Biomarkers (functional prothrombin, g-carboxyglutamic acid) | EFSA | Dose-response | 1 µg/kg bodyweight | AI p-AR | ||
Choline mg | Observed intake; prevention of deficiency symptoms | EFSA | Dietary surveys; depletion-repletion study | Pregnant: Isometric, from non-pregnant | Lactating: AI for non-lactating + breast milk secretion [120 mg] | AI p-AR |
Nutrient | Criteria for deriving DRVs | Source for deriving DRVs | Type of data | Factorial approach | CV % to derive RI | Type of DRV |
Calcium mg | Replacement of calcium losses | EFSA | Dose-response | RI based on 97.5th percentile of calcium null balance | AR RI | |
Phosphorus mg | Recommended calcium intake; molar ratio of calcium to phosphorus (1.4:1) | EFSA | Studies on bone mineral content | AI p-AR | ||
Potassium mg | Blood pressure and stroke risk | EFSA | Intervention and prospective observational studies | AI p-AR | ||
Magnesium mg | Observed intake | EFSA | Dietary surveys | AI p-AR | ||
Copper µg | Biomarkers (including plasma copper, serum ceruloplasmin and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity) | IOM | Depletion-repletion studies | Pregnant: AR for non-pregnant + 1000 µg | 15 | AR RI |
Lactating: AR for non-lactating + breast milk secretion, 67 % absorption | ||||||
Fluoride µg | Prevention of caries | EFSA | Intervention and observational studies in children | 0.05 mg/kg body weight (based on pre-pregnancy weight) | AI p-AR | |
Iron mg | Replacement of daily iron loss | NNR2023: Domellöf and Sjöberg (2023) | Pregnant: Basal loss [14 µg/kg/day] + 1.91 µg/day needed for fetal growth, placenta and umbilical cord, and average blood loss | Pregnant: 15 | AR RI | |
As non-lactating | Lactating: RI based on 95th percentile of menstrual loss (1.32 mg/day) | |||||
Zinc mg | Zinc balance, accounting for absorption efficiency based on phytate intake | EFSA | Modelling, isotope dilution and balance studies | Pregnant: AR for non-pregnant + 0.4 mg corrected for fractional absorption of 30 % [AR + 1.3 mg/d] | 10 | AR RI |
Lactating: AR for non-lactating + 1.1 mg corrected for fractional absorption of 45 % [AR + 2.4 mg/d] | ||||||
Iodine µg | Urinary iodine associated with prevention of goitre (extrapolated from children) | EFSA | Cross-sectional study in children | Pregnant: AI for non-pregnant + 50 µg/d for increased thyroid hormone production and iodine uptake by the fetus, placenta and amniotic fluid | AI p-AR | |
Lactating: AI for non-lactating + 50 µg/d | ||||||
Selenium µg | Biomarker | NNR2023: Alexander and Olsen (2023), EFSA | Intervention study | 1.2 µg/kg body weight Lactating: AI for non-lactating + 10 µg | AI p-AR | |
Manganese mg | Observed intake Manganese homeostasis | EFSA | Dietary surveys, balance studies | AI p-AR | ||
Molybdenum µg | Observed intake (lower end) Molybdenum homeostasis | EFSA | Dietary surveys, balance studies | AI p-AR |
Nutrient | Criteria of adequacy for deriving DRVs | Source for deriving DRVs | Type of data | Type of scaling | Factorial approach | CV % to derive RI | Type of DRV |
Vitamin A RE | Maintainance of liver stores (20 µg retinol/g liver) | EFSA | Factorial method | Target liver concentration (20 μg retinol/g) × body/liver retinol stores ratio [1.25] × liver/body weight ratio (%) [age-specific values] × fractional catabolic rate of retinol (%) [0.7 %] × (1/efficiency of body storage (%) [50 %]) × reference body weight (kg) × 1 + growth factor) x 10³ | 15 | AR RI | |
Thiamin mg | Biomarker and erythrocyte transketolase activity coefficient | EFSA | Dose-response | 0.072 mg/MJ | 20 | AR RI | |
Riboflavin mg | Extrapolated from adult AR | EFSA | Allometric + growth factors | 10 | AR RI | ||
Niacin NE | Biomarker | EFSA | Dose-response | 1.3 NE/MJ | 10 | AR RI | |
Pantothenic acid mg | Observed intake | EFSA | Dietary surveys | AI p-AR | |||
Vitamin B6 mg | Extrapolated from adult AR | EFSA | Allometric + growth factors | 10 | AR RI | ||
Folate µg DFE | Extrapolated from adult AR | EFSA | Allometric + growth factors | 15 | AR RI | ||
Vitamin B12 µg | Extrapolated from adult AI | EFSA | Allometric + growth factors | AI p-AR | |||
Biotin µg | Observed intake | EFSA | Dietary surveys | AI p-AR | |||
Vitamin C mg | Extrapolated from adult AR | EFSA | Isometric | 10 | AR RI | ||
Vitamin D µg | Biomarker (25(OH)D above 50 nmol/l) | NNR2023: Brustad and Meyer (2023) | 15 | AR RI | |||
Vitamin E mg | Basal requirement + prevention of PUFA oxidation | Raederstorff et al. (2015) | Factorial approach | Basal requirement [4 mg TE/d] + 0,5 x PUFA in grams (at 5 E%) | AI p-AR | ||
Vitamin K µg | As adults | EFSA | 1 µg/kg bodyweight | AI p-AR | |||
Choline mg | Extrapolation from adult AI | EFSA | Allometric + growth factors | AI p-AR |
Nutrient | Criteria for deriving DRVs | Source for deriving DRVs | Type of data | Type of scaling | Factorial approach | CV % to derive RI | Type of DRV |
Calcium mg | Calcium accretion in bone + replacement of obligatory losses | EFSA | Observational, isotope and controlled feeding studies | Age-specific (urinary losses + faecal losses + dermal losses + calcium accretion in bone)/fractional absorption | 10 | AR RI Average AR and RI for used for girls and boys 11–17 y | |
Phosphorus mg | Recommended calcium intake; molar ratio of calcium to phosphorus (1.4:1) | EFSA | Studies on bone mineral content | AI p-AR | |||
Potassium mg | Extrapolated from adult AI | EFSA | Isometric + growth factors | AI p-AR | |||
Magnesium mg | Observed intake | EFSA | Dietary surveys | AI p-AR | |||
Copper µg | Extrapolated from adult AR | IOM | Allometric + growth factors | 15 | AR RI | ||
Fluoride µg | Prevention of caries | EFSA | Intervention and observational studies in children | 0.05 mg/kg body weight | AI p-AR | ||
Iron mg | Replacement of daily iron loss + requirement for growth | NNR2023: Domellöf and Sjöberg (2023) | Basal loss (age-specific) + iron need for daily growth (+ menstrual loss [0.45 mg/day] in girls 11–17 y), absorption efficiency (1–10 y: 10 %, 11–17 y: 15 %) | Children 1–10 y and boys 15–17 y: 15 Adolescents 11–17: RI based on 95th percentile menstrual loss in girls (0.89 mg/day in 11–14 y, 1.32 mg/day in 15–17 y) | AR RI | ||
Zinc mg | Zinc balance, loss extrapolated from adults + requirement for growth | EFSA | Urinary loss: isometric Sweat loss: allometric | Zinc loss (urinary, integumenal, faecal, menses in girls 11–17 y, semen in boys 15–17 y) + requirement for growth, absorption efficiency 30 % | 10 | AR RI | |
Iodine µg | Urinary iodine associated with prevention of goitre | EFSA | Cross-sectional | 100 μg/L x urinary volume [L/day), absorption efficiency 92 % | AI p-AR | ||
Selenium µg | Extrapolated from adult AI | NNR2023: Alexander and Olsen (2023); EFSA | Isometric + growth factor | AI p-AR | |||
Manganese mg | Extrapolated from adult AI | EFSA | Isometric | AI p-AR | |||
Molybdenum µg | Extrapolated from adult AI | EFSA | Isometric | AI p-AR |
Nutrient | Criteria of adequacy for deriving DRVs | Source for deriving DRVs | Type of data | Type of scaling | Factorial approach | CV % to derive RI | Type of DRV |
Vitamin A RE | Maintainance of liver stores (20 µg retinol/g liver) | EFSA | Factorial method | Target liver concentration (20 μg retinol/g) × body/liver retinol stores ratio [1.25] × liver/body weight ratio (%) [4 %] × fractional catabolic rate of retinol (%) [0.7 %] × (1/efficiency of body storage (%) [50 %]) × body weight (kg) × 1 + growth factor) x 10³ | 15 | AR RI | |
Thiamin mg | Biomarker and erythrocyte transketolase activity coefficient | EFSA | Dose-response | 0.072 mg/MJ | 20 | AR RI | |
Riboflavin mg | Extrapolated from exclusively breastfed infants 0–6 months | EFSA | Breastmilk composition | Allometric | AI p-AR | ||
Niacin NE | Biomarker | EFSA | Dose-response | 1.3 NE/MJ | 10 | AR RI | |
Pantothenic acid mg | Extrapolated from exclusively breastfed infants 0–6 months | EFSA | Breastmilk composition | Allometric | AI p-AR | ||
Vitamin B6 mg | Average of upwards extrapolation from exclusively breastfed infants 0–6 months and downwards extrapolation from adults | EFSA | Breastmilk composition | Allometric (+ growth factors when extrapolating from adults) | AI p-AR | ||
Folate µg DFE | Extrapolated from exclusively breastfed infants 0–6 months | EFSA | Breastmilk composition | Allometric | AI p-AR | ||
Vitamin B12 µg | Extrapolated from adult AI | EFSA | Allometric + growth factors | AI p-AR | |||
Biotin µg | Extrapolated from exclusively breastfed infants 0–6 months | EFSA | Breastmilk composition | Allometric | AI p-AR | ||
Vitamin C mg | Prevention of scurvy | EFSA | Three times higher than the amount known to prevent scurvy | AI p-AR | |||
Vitamin D µg | Biomarker (25(OH)D above 50 nmol/l) | NNR2023: Brustad and Meyer (2023) | 15 | AR RI | |||
Vitamin E mg | Extrapolated from exclusively breastfed infants 0–6 months | EFSA | Breastmilk composition | Allometric | AI p-AR | ||
Vitamin K µg | As adults | EFSA | 1 µg/kg bodyweight | AI p-AR | |||
Choline mg | Extrapolated from exclusively breastfed infants 0–6 months | EFSA | Breastmilk composition | Allometric | AI p-AR |
Nutrient | Criteria for deriving DRVs | Source for deriving DRVs | Type of data | Type of scaling | Factorial approach | CV % to derive RI | Type of DRV |
Calcium mg | Extrapolated from exclusively breastfed infants 0–6 months, assuming 60 % absorption from breastmilk | EFSA | Breastmilk composition | Isometric | AI p-AR | ||
Phosphorus mg | AI for calcium; molar ratio of calcium to phosphorus (1.4:1) | EFSA | AI p-AR | ||||
Potassium mg | Extrapolated from adult AI | EFSA | Isometric + growth factor | AI p-AR | |||
Magnesium mg | Midpoint between extrapolation from exclusively breastfed infants 0–6 months and the highest range of observed intake (= 120 mg) | EFSA | Breastmilk composition Dietary surveys | Isometric | AI p-AR | ||
Copper µg | Combination of intake from breastmilk and observed intakes from complementary foods | IOM | Breastmilk composition Dietary surveys | AI p-AR | |||
Fluoride µg | Prevention of caries, extrapolated from older children | EFSA | 0.05 mg/kg body weight | AI p-AR | |||
Iron mg | Replacement of daily iron loss + requirement for growth | NNR2023: Domellöf and Sjöberg (2023) | Basal loss (22 µg/kg) + iron need for daily growth (40 mg/kg/day), absorption efficiency 10 % | 15 | AR RI | ||
Zinc mg | Zinc balance, loss extrapolated from adults + requirement for growth | EFSA | Urinary loss: isometric Sweat loss: allometric | Zinc loss (urinary, faecal, sweat) + requirement for growth (20 µg/g/day), absorption efficiency 30 % | 10 | AR RI | |
Iodine µg | Iodine balance | NNR2023: Gunnarsdóttir and Brantsæter (2023) | Balance study | AI p-AR | |||
Selenium µg | Extrapolated from exclusively breastfed infants 0–6 months | EFSA | Breastmilk composition | Isometric | AI p-AR | ||
Manganese mg | Range based on upwards extrapolation from exclusively breastfed infants 0–6 months and the mean of observed intakes (75 µg/kg bw) and downwards extrapolation from adult AI | EFSA | Breastmilk composition Dietary surveys | Isometric | AI p-AR | ||
Molybdenum µg | Extrapolated from adult AI | EFSA | Isometric | AI p-AR |
Life stage | Body weight (kg) | Height (cm) | Source1 | ||
Infants | |||||
0–6 months | 5.7 | 59 | 1 | ||
6–11 months | 9.0 | 72 | 1 | ||
Children | |||||
1–3 y | 13.6 | 90 | 1 | ||
4–6 y | 20.7 | 115 | 1, 2 | ||
7–10 y | 30.8 | 137 | 2 | ||
Adolescents | F | M | F | M | |
11–14 y | 46.5 | 48.2 | 157 | 161 | 2 |
15–17 y | 57.8 | 65.6 | 167 | 177 | 2 |
Adults | F | M | F | M | |
18–24 y | 64.2 | 75.2 | 167 | 181 | 3 |
25–50 y | 64.1 | 74.8 | 167 | 180 | 3 |
51–70 y | 62.5 | 73.0 | 165 | 178 | 3 |
>70 y | 60.6 | 70.6 | 162 | 175 | 3 |
Age | Growth factor | |
7–11 months | 0.57 | |
1 y | 0.44 | |
2 y | 0.2 | |
3 y | 0.11 | |
4 y | 0.05 | |
5 y | 0.05 | |
6 y | 0.09 | |
7 y | 0.12 | |
8 y | 0.14 | |
9 y | 0.14 | |
10 y | 0.14 | |
1–3 y | 0.25 | |
4–6 y | 0.06 | |
7–10 y | 0.13 | |
Adolescents | F | M |
11 y | 0.11 | 0.14 |
12 y | 0.09 | 0.12 |
13 y | 0.08 | 0.11 |
14 y | 0.06 | 0.09 |
15 y | 0.05 | 0.09 |
16 y | 0.03 | 0.08 |
17 y | 0.02 | 0.06 |
11–14 y | 0.08 | 0.11 |
15–17 y | 0.03 | 0.08 |
Age group | Vitamin A RE2 | Vitamin D µg | Thiamin mg/MJ | Rioboflavin mg | Niacin NE/MJ3 | Vitamin B6 mg | Folate µg | Vitamin C mg |
≤6 mo1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 50 | 16 | ||||
7-11 mo | 200 | 7.5 | 0.07 | 0.34 | 1.3 | 0.34 | 704 | 164 |
Children | ||||||||
1 y | 200 | 7.5 | 0.07 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 90 | 20 |
2 y | 220 | 7.5 | 0.07 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 90 | 20 |
3 y | 230 | 7.5 | 0.07 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 90 | 20 |
4 y | 220 | 7.5 | 0.07 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 90 | 25 |
5 y | 250 | 7.5 | 0.07 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 100 | 25 |
6 y | 290 | 7.5 | 0.07 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 120 | 30 |
7 y | 270 | 7.5 | 0.07 | 0.7 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 130 | 35 |
8 y | 300 | 7.5 | 0.07 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 140 | 40 |
9 y | 340 | 7.5 | 0.07 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 150 | 45 |
10 y | 370 | 7.5 | 0.07 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 170 | 50 |
Females | ||||||||
11 y | 410 | 7.5 | 0.07 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 190 | 60 |
12 y | 460 | 7.5 | 0.07 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 200 | 65 |
13 y | 510 | 7.5 | 0.07 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 220 | 75 |
14 y | 540 | 7.5 | 0.07 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 230 | 80 |
15 y | 490 | 7.5 | 0.07 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 240 | 85 |
16 y | 500 | 7.5 | 0.07 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 240 | 85 |
17 y | 500 | 7.5 | 0.07 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 240 | 85 |
Males | ||||||||
11 y | 410 | 7.5 | 0.07 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 170 | 50 |
12 y | 450 | 7.5 | 0.07 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 180 | 55 |
13 y | 510 | 7.5 | 0.07 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 200 | 65 |
14 y | 570 | 7.5 | 0.07 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 210 | 70 |
15 y | 540 | 7.5 | 0.07 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 230 | 80 |
16 y | 580 | 7.5 | 0.07 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 240 | 85 |
17 y | 600 | 7.5 | 0.07 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 250 | 90 |
Age group | Vitamin E α-TE4 | Vitamin K µg | Pantothenic acid mg | Biotin µg | Vitamin B12 µg | Choline mg |
≤6 mo2 | 3 | 1.6 | 3 | 0.3 | 96 | |
7-11 mo | 43 | 5 | 2.23 | 43 | 1.2 | 1343 |
Children | ||||||
1 y | 5 | 10 | 3.2 | 16 | 1.1 | 110 |
2 y | 5 | 10 | 3.2 | 16 | 1.1 | 110 |
3 y | 6 | 10 | 3.2 | 16 | 1.1 | 114 |
4 y | 7 | 15 | 3.2 | 20 | 1.2 | 119 |
5 y | 6 | 15 | 3.2 | 20 | 1.3 | 130 |
6 y | 7 | 15 | 3.2 | 20 | 1.5 | 148 |
7 y | 7 | 20 | 3.2 | 20 | 1.7 | 165 |
8 y | 7 | 20 | 3.2 | 20 | 1.8 | 182 |
9 y | 7 | 25 | 3.2 | 20 | 2.0 | 197 |
10 y | 8 | 25 | 3.2 | 20 | 2.1 | 214 |
Females | ||||||
11 y | 8 | 30 | 4 | 28 | 2.4 | 242 |
12 y | 8 | 35 | 4 | 28 | 2.5 | 262 |
13 y | 8 | 40 | 4 | 28 | 2.8 | 282 |
14 y | 8 | 40 | 4 | 28 | 3.0 | 295 |
15 y | 8 | 45 | 4 | 28 | 3.0 | 305 |
16 y | 9 | 45 | 4 | 28 | 3.1 | 308 |
17 y | 9 | 45 | 4 | 28 | 3.1 | 310 |
Males | ||||||
11 y | 8 | 30 | 4 | 28 | 2.2 | 218 |
12 y | 8 | 35 | 4 | 28 | 2.3 | 233 |
13 y | 9 | 40 | 4 | 28 | 2.5 | 254 |
14 y | 9 | 45 | 4 | 28 | 2.7 | 274 |
15 y | 10 | 50 | 4 | 28 | 3.0 | 298 |
16 y | 10 | 50 | 4 | 28 | 3.1 | 313 |
17 y | 10 | 55 | 4 | 28 | 3.2 | 320 |
Age group | Vitamin A RE2 | Vitamin D µg3 | Thiamin mg/MJ | Rioboflavin mg | Niacin NE/MJ4 | Vitamin B6 mg | Folate µg | Vitamin C mg |
≤6 mo1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 64 | 20 | ||||
7-11 mo | 250 | 10 | 0.1 | 0.45 | 1.6 | 0.45 | 896 | 205 |
Children | ||||||||
1 y | 250 | 10 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 1.6 | 0.6 | 110 | 25 |
2 y | 300 | 10 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 1.6 | 0.6 | 110 | 25 |
3 y | 300 | 10 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 1.6 | 0.6 | 120 | 25 |
4 y | 300 | 10 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 1.6 | 0.6 | 120 | 30 |
5 y | 300 | 10 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 1.6 | 0.7 | 130 | 30 |
6 y | 400 | 10 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 150 | 40 |
7 y | 350 | 10 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 1.6 | 0.9 | 170 | 45 |
8 y | 400 | 10 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 1.6 | 1.0 | 180 | 50 |
9 y | 450 | 10 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 1.6 | 1.0 | 200 | 55 |
10 y | 500 | 10 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 220 | 60 |
Females | ||||||||
11 y | 550 | 10 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 250 | 70 |
12 y | 600 | 10 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 270 | 80 |
13 y | 650 | 10 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 290 | 90 |
14 y | 700 | 10 | 0.1 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 300 | 95 |
15 y | 650 | 10 | 0.1 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 310 | 100 |
16 y | 650 | 10 | 0.1 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 310 | 100 |
17 y | 650 | 10 | 0.1 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 320 | 103 |
Males | ||||||||
11 y | 550 | 10 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 220 | 60 |
12 y | 600 | 10 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 240 | 70 |
13 y | 650 | 10 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 260 | 75 |
14 y | 750 | 10 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 280 | 85 |
15 y | 700 | 10 | 0.1 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 300 | 95 |
16 y | 750 | 10 | 0.1 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 320 | 100 |
17 y | 800 | 10 | 0.1 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 320 | 105 |
Age group | Vitamin E α-TE4 | Vitamin K µg | Pantothenic acid mg | Biotin µg | Vitamin B12 µg | Choline mg |
≤6 mo2 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 0.4 | 120 | |
7-11 mo | 53 | 10 | 33 | 53 | 1.5 | 1703 |
Children | ||||||
1 y | 6 | 10 | 4 | 20 | 1.5 | 140 |
2 y | 7 | 15 | 4 | 20 | 1.5 | 140 |
3 y | 7 | 15 | 4 | 20 | 1.5 | 140 |
4 y | 8 | 15 | 4 | 25 | 1.5 | 150 |
5 y | 8 | 20 | 4 | 25 | 1.5 | 160 |
6 y | 8 | 20 | 4 | 25 | 2 | 190 |
7 y | 9 | 25 | 4 | 25 | 2 | 210 |
8 y | 9 | 25 | 4 | 25 | 2.5 | 230 |
9 y | 9 | 30 | 4 | 25 | 2.5 | 250 |
10 y | 9 | 35 | 4 | 25 | 2.5 | 270 |
Females | ||||||
11 y | 10 | 40 | 5 | 35 | 3 | 300 |
12 y | 10 | 45 | 5 | 35 | 3 | 330 |
13 y | 10 | 50 | 5 | 35 | 3.5 | 350 |
14 y | 10 | 50 | 5 | 35 | 3.5 | 370 |
15 y | 11 | 55 | 5 | 35 | 4 | 380 |
16 y | 11 | 60 | 5 | 35 | 4 | 390 |
17 y | 11 | 60 | 5 | 35 | 4 | 390 |
Males | ||||||
11 y | 10 | 35 | 5 | 35 | 2.5 | 270 |
12 y | 10 | 40 | 5 | 35 | 3 | 390 |
13 y | 11 | 45 | 5 | 35 | 3 | 320 |
14 y | 11 | 55 | 5 | 35 | 3.5 | 340 |
15 y | 12 | 60 | 5 | 35 | 3.5 | 370 |
16 y | 12 | 65 | 5 | 35 | 4 | 390 |
17 y | 13 | 70 | 5 | 35 | 4 | 400 |
Age group | Calcium mg | Copper µg | Iron mg | Zinc mg2 |
≤6 mo1 | 96 | 160 | ||
7-11 mo | 2503 | 1803 | 7 | 2.5 |
Children | ||||
1 y | 370 | 240 | 5 | 3.3 |
2 y | 395 | 240 | 5 | 3.6 |
3 y | 415 | 250 | 6 | 3.9 |
4 y | 650 | 260 | 4 | 4.3 |
5 y | 680 | 280 | 5 | 4.6 |
6 y | 715 | 320 | 5 | 5.0 |
7 y | 675 | 360 | 6 | 5.4 |
8 y | 675 | 400 | 7 | 5.4 |
9 y | 675 | 430 | 7 | 6.4 |
10 y | 675 | 470 | 8 | 6.9 |
Females | ||||
11 y | 9804 | 530 | 10 | 7.9 |
12 y | 570 | 10 | 8.7 | |
13 y | 620 | 10 | 9.2 | |
14 y | 650 | 9 | 9.6 | |
15 y | 670 | 9 | 9.9 | |
16 y | 670 | 9 | 10.0 | |
17 y | 680 | 9 | 10.3 | |
Males | ||||
11 y | 480 | 7 | 7.5 | |
12 y | 510 | 8 | 8.3 | |
13 y | 560 | 9 | 9.2 | |
14 y | 9804 | 600 | 10 | 10.1 |
15 y | 650 | 9 | 10.6 | |
16 y | 680 | 8 | 11.1 | |
17 y | 700 | 9 | 11.6 | |
Age group | Phosphorus mg3 | Potassium mg | Magnesium mg | Iodine µg | Selenium µg | Fluoride mg4 | Manganese mg | Molybdenum mg |
≤6 mo2 | 320 | 20 | 64-72 | 10 | 9.6 | |||
7-11 mo | 140 | 600 | 645 | 64-72 | 155 | 0.4 | 0.02-0.46 | 7 |
Children | ||||||||
1 y | 160 | 600 | 136 | 60 | 15 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 8 |
2 y | 140 | 600 | 136 | 80 | 15 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 10 |
3 y | 180 | 700 | 136 | 90 | 15 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 11 |
4 y | 290 | 700 | 184 | 50 | 15 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 13 |
5 y | 300 | 800 | 184 | 60 | 20 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 15 |
6 y | 320 | 1000 | 184 | 60 | 25 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 17 |
7 y | 300 | 1100 | 184 | 60 | 25 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 19 |
8 y | 300 | 1300 | 184 | 70 | 30 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 21 |
9 y | 300 | 1400 | 184 | 80 | 35 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 23 |
10 y | 300 | 1600 | 184 | 80 | 35 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 25 |
Females | ||||||||
11 y | 5107 | 1900 | 200 | 80 | 40 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 31 |
12 y | 2100 | 200 | 90 | 45 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 35 | |
13 y | 2300 | 200 | 100 | 50 | 1.9 | 2.3 | 40 | |
14 y | 2500 | 200 | 110 | 55 | 2.1 | 2.5 | 43 | |
15 y | 2500 | 200 | 90 | 55 | 2.2 | 2.6 | 46 | |
16 y | 2600 | 200 | 100 | 55 | 2.3 | 2.7 | 48 | |
17 y | 2700 | 200 | 100 | 60 | 2.4 | 2.8 | 49 | |
Males | ||||||||
11 y | 1600 | 240 | 80 | 40 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 26 | |
12 y | 1800 | 240 | 90 | 45 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 29 | |
13 y | 2000 | 240 | 100 | 50 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 33 | |
14 y | 5107 | 2200 | 240 | 110 | 55 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 38 |
15 y | 2500 | 240 | 100 | 60 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 42 | |
16 y | 2600 | 240 | 110 | 65 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 45 | |
17 y | 2700 | 240 | 110 | 70 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 48 | |
Age group | Calcium mg | Iron Mg2 | Zinc mg2 | Copper µg |
≤6 mo1 | 120 | 200 | ||
7-11 mo | 3103 | 10 | 3 | 2203 |
Children | ||||
1 y | 400 | 7 | 4.0 | 310 |
2 y | 450 | 7 | 4.3 | 310 |
3 y | 450 | 7 | 4.7 | 320 |
4 y | 750 | 6 | 5.1 | 430 |
5 y | 800 | 7 | 5.6 | 370 |
6 y | 850 | 7 | 6.0 | 420 |
7 y | 800 | 8 | 6.5 | 470 |
8 y | 800 | 8 | 6.4 | 520 |
9 y | 800 | 10 | 7.6 | 560 |
10 y | 800 | 11 | 8.3 | 610 |
Females | ||||
11 y | 135,6 | 9.5 | 700 | |
12 y | 135,6 | 10.4 | 700 | |
13 y | 135,6 | 11.1 | 800 | |
14 y | 11504 | 125,6 | 11.5 | 800 |
15 y | 156 | 11.9 | 900 | |
16 y | 146 | 12.1 | 900 | |
17 y | 156 | 12.3 | 900 | |
Males | ||||
11 y | 9 | 9.0 | 600 | |
12 y | 11 | 10.0 | 700 | |
13 y | 12 | 11.0 | 700 | |
14 y | 11504 | 13 | 12.1 | 800 |
15 y | 12 | 12.8 | 800 | |
16 y | 11 | 13.3 | 900 | |
17 y | 11 | 14.0 | 900 | |
Age group | Phosphorus3 | Potassium | Magnesium | Iodine | Selenium | Fluoride6 | Manganese | Molybdenum |
≤6 mo2 | 400 | 25 | 80-90 | 10 | 12.0 µg | |||
7-11 mo | 160 | 700 | 804 | 80-905 | 204 | 0.4 | 0.02-0.57 | 10 |
Children | ||||||||
1 y | 200 | 750 | 170 | 100 | 15 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 10 |
2 y | 220 | 800 | 170 | 100 | 20 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 15 |
3 y | 230 | 850 | 170 | 100 | 20 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 15 |
4 y | 360 | 900 | 230 | 60 | 20 | 0.9 | 1 | 15 |
5 y | 380 | 1050 | 230 | 70 | 25 | 1.0 | 1 | 20 |
6 y | 400 | 1200 | 230 | 80 | 30 | 1.1 | 1 | 20 |
7 y | 370 | 1400 | 230 | 80 | 35 | 1.2 | 1 | 25 |
8 y | 370 | 1600 | 230 | 80 | 35 | 1.3 | 1 | 25 |
9 y | 370 | 1750 | 230 | 90 | 40 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 30 |
10 y | 370 | 2000 | 230 | 100 | 45 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 35 |
Females | ||||||||
11 y | 6408 | 2350 | 250 | 100 | 50 | 1.9 | 2 | 40 |
12 y | 2600 | 250 | 110 | 55 | 2.1 | 2 | 45 | |
13 y | 2900 | 250 | 130 | 60 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 50 | |
14 y | 3100 | 250 | 140 | 65 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 55 | |
15 y | 3250 | 250 | 120 | 70 | 2.8 | 2.5 | 60 | |
16 y | 3300 | 250 | 120 | 70 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 60 | |
17 y | 3350 | 250 | 120 | 70 | 2.9 | 3 | 60 | |
Males | ||||||||
11 y | 6408 | 2000 | 300 | 100 | 50 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 35 |
12 y | 2200 | 300 | 110 | 55 | 2.1 | 1.5 | 40 | |
13 y | 2500 | 300 | 120 | 65 | 2.3 | 2 | 45 | |
14 y | 2750 | 300 | 140 | 70 | 2.7 | 2 | 50 | |
15 y | 3000 | 300 | 120 | 80 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 55 | |
16 y | 3300 | 300 | 130 | 85 | 3.2 | 2.5 | 60 | |
17 y | 3450 | 300 | 140 | 85 | 3.4 | 3 | 60 | |