Appendixes

Appendix 1 Table: Companies and projects that may lead or take part in new or better CRM-recycling operations

Potential CRM	Company/Project	Process	Possible role	Country
Al	Rio Tinto Iceland	Primary aluminium smelter	New Ga or Al recycling	Iceland
Al	Norðurál	Primary aluminium smelter	New Ga or Al recycling	Iceland
Al	Alcoa Fjarðarál	Primary aluminium smelter	New Ga or Al recycling	Iceland
Al	Rusal i Kubal	Primary aluminium smelter	New Ga or Al recycling	Sweden
Al, F, Ga	Hydro Aluminium, Høyanger	Primary smelter	New Ga or Al recycling	Norway
Al, F, Ga	Hydro Aluminium, Karmøy	Primary smelter	New Ga or Al recycling	Norway
Al, F, Ga	Hydro Aluminium, Sunndal	Primary smelter	New Ga or Al recycling	Norway
Al, F, Ga	Hydro Aluminium, Årdal Metallverk	Primary smelter	New Ga or Al recycling	Norway
Al, F, Ga	Sør-Norge Aluminium Kvinnherad	Primary smelter	New Ga or Al recycling	Norway
Al	Hydro Aluminium rolled products Holmestrand	Secondary smelter	New Ga or Al recycling	Norway
Al	Hydro Vigelands Brug AS Vennesla	Reffinery	Increased or more alloy specific Al recycling	Norway
Al, F, G	Alcoa Mosjøen	Primary smelter	New Ga or Al recycling	Norway
Al, F, G	Alcoa Lista	Primary smelter	New Ga or Al recycling	Norway
Al	Metallco aluminium AS, Vestre Toten	Foundry/recycling	Increased or more alloy specific Al recycling	Norway
Al	Benteler Aluminium Systems, Raufoss	Foundry	Increased or more alloy specific Al recycling	Norway
Al	Hydal Aluminium Profiler AS Raufoss	Extrusion	Increased or more alloy specific Al recycling	Norway
Al	Speira, Rød	Recycling aluminium from slag and dross	New Ga or Al recycling	Norway
Al	Speira, Rausand	Recycling aluminium from slag and dross	New Ga or Al recycling	Norway
Al	Kuusakoski Oy, Espoo	Secondary smelter	Increased or more alloy specific Al recycling	Finland
Al	Kuusakoski Oy, Heinola	Secondary smelter	Increased or more alloy specific Al recycling	Finland
Al	Pirsu Oy, Ikaalinen	Secondary smelter	Increased or more alloy specific Al recycling	Finland
Al	Nordic Aluminium Ltd, Kirkkonummi	Secondary smelter	Increased or more alloy specific Al recycling	Finland
Al	Kuusakoski Oyj, Myllyoja	Secondary smelter	Increased or more alloy specific Al recycling	Finland
Al	Purso Oy, Siuro	Secondary smelter	Increased or more alloy specific Al recycling	Finland
Al	Stena Gotthard, Kolding	Secondary smelter	Increased or more alloy specific Al recycling	Denmark
Al	Isal (Rio Tinto) Hardarfjördur	Secondary smelter	Increased or more alloy specific Al recycling	Iceland
Al	Aluvest SA, Eidsvaag	Secondary smelter	Increased or more alloy specific Al recycling	Norway
Al	Chassix Norway AS, Farsund	Secondary smelter	Increased or more alloy specific Al recycling	Norway
Al	Ranalum AS, Karmsund	Secondary smelter	Increased or more alloy specific Al recycling	Norway
Al	Mosjoen Metall AS, Mosjøen	Secondary smelter	Increased or more alloy specific Al recycling	Norway
Al	Stena Gotthard, Älmhult	Secondary smelter	Increased or more alloy specific Al recycling	Sweden
Al	Profilgruppen AB, Aseda	Secondary smelter	Increased or more alloy specific Al recycling	Sweden
Al	Nemak, Charlottenberg	Secondary smelter	Increased or more alloy specific Al recycling	Sweden
Al	Gränges Aluminium, Finspång	Secondary smelter	Increased or more alloy specific Al recycling	Sweden
Al	International Aluminium Casting Sweden AB, Gothenburg	Secondary smelter	Increased or more alloy specific Al recycling	Sweden
Al	Gränges Aluminium, Gränges	Secondary smelter	Increased or more alloy specific Al recycling	Sweden
Al	AB Elektrokoppar, Helsingborg	Secondary smelter	Increased or more alloy specific Al recycling	Sweden
Al	Sapa (Hydro), Sjunnen	Secondary smelter	Increased or more alloy specific Al recycling	Sweden
Al	Volvo, Torslanda	Secondary smelter	Increased or more alloy specific Al recycling	Sweden
Al	AB Lundbergs Pressgjuterie, Vrigstad	Secondary smelter	Increased or more alloy specific Al recycling	Sweden
Al	Alcoa Fjardaal, Fjardaal	Primary smelter	Increased or more alloy specific Al recycling	Iceland
Al	Nordic Aluminum Co (Nordural), Grundartangi	Primary smelter	Increased or more alloy specific Al recycling	Iceland
Al	Rio Tinto Alcan Iceland Co Ltd. (Isal), Straumsvik	Primary smelter	Increased or more alloy specific Al recycling	Iceland
Mn	Eramet Porsgrunn Telemark Porsgrunn	Si-Mn smelter	Mn recycling	Norway
Mn	Eramet Norway AS, Sauda	Fe-Mn smelter	Mn recycling	Norway
Mn	Eramet Norway Kvinesdal	Si-Mn smelter	Mn recycling	Norway
Mn	Ferroglobe Mangan, Mo i Rana	Fe-Mn & Si-Mn smelter	Mn recycling	Norway
Si	Wacker Chemicals, Hemne	Smelter	Si recycling	Norway
Si	Elkem Bremanger	Si & Fe-Si smelter	Si recycling	Norway
Si	Elkem Thamshavn	Si & Fe-Si smelter	Si recycling	Norway
Si	Elkem Salten	Smelter	Si recycling	Norway
Si	Finnfjord, Lenvik	Smelter	Si recycling	Norway
Si	Elkem ASA Bjølvefossen	Fe-Si & Mg-Fe-Si-smelter	Si recycling	Norway
Si	Elkem Rana AS Rana	Fe-Si smelter	Si recycling	Norway
Si	Bakkisilicon	Si metal smelter	Si recycling	Iceland
P	Yara Herøya	Fertilizer plant	Off taker for recycled P	Norway
P	Yara Glomfjord	Fertilizer plant	Off taker for recycled P	Norway
P	Yara Suomi Oy, Uudenkaupungin tehtaat	Fertilizer plant	Off taker for recycled P	Finland
P	Yara Suomi Oy, Kokkolan Tehtaat	Fertilizer plant	Off taker for recycled P	Finland
P	Yara Suomi Oy, Särkikanta, Siilinjärvi?	Fertilizer plant	Off taker for recycled P	Finland
P	Yara Sillinjärvi (REE og PO4)	Recycling project?	Secondary P production	Finland
P	Siilinjärvi Yara	Mine	Source of recyclable CRM-waste streams	Finland
PO4	HIAS	P-recycling	Secondary P production	Norway
PO4	Ash2Phos, Ragnsells	P-recycling	Secondary P production	Sweden
Cu, Ni	Boliden Harjavalta	Smelter	Increased Cu and Ni recycling	Finland
Cu	Boliden Kokkola	Zinc Smelter	Increaed Cu recycling	Finland
Cu	Boliden Odda	Zinc Smelter	CRM-recycling from jarosite sludge	Norway
Cu, PGM	Boilden Rönnskär	Primary and secondary smelter with hydrometalurgical steps	Increased CRM-recycling	Sweden
Cu	Boliden Atik	Mine	Source of recyclable CRM-waste streams	Sweden
Cu, (Au, Te)	Boliden Mines (Renström, Katrineberg & Kankberg)	Mine	Source of recyclable CRM-waste streams	Sweden
Cu	Boliden Garpenberg	Mine	Source of recyclable CRM-waste streams	Sweden
Cu, Ni, Co & PGM	Boliden Kevitsa	Mine	Source of recyclable CRM-waste streams	Finland
Ni, Co	Nornickel, Harjavalta	Hydrometallurgic plant	Increased Ni, Cu, Co recycling	Finland
Ni, Cu, Co & PGM	Nikkelverk, Kristiansand	Hydrometallurgic plant	Increased Ni, Cu, Co recycling	Norway
Cu, Ni	Terrafame	Mine and refinery	Source of recyclable CRM-waste streams	Finland
Ti	Kronos Titan	TiO2 refinery	Expertise in titanium raw materials	Norway
Ti	Tizir Titanium & Iron	Titanium recycling	Recycling of titanium raw materials	Norway
Ti, Ni Co & Cu	Titania	Ilmenite mine	Raw material supplier for titanium metal production	Norway
Ti	Nordic Mining	Rutile mine	Raw material supplier for titanium metal production	Norway
Co, Cu, PGM	Umicore Kokkola	Co recycling and refinery	Increased Corecycling	Finland
Cu	Pyhäsami, First Quantum Minerals	Cu-Zn Mine	Source of recyclable CRM-waste streams	Finland
Ni	Mondo Minerals	Mine	Source of recyclable CRM-waste streams	Finland
Sb	Boliden Bergsöe	Secondary lead smelter	Increased Sb recycling	Sweden
Sb	Sala Bly	Secondary lead smelter	Increased Sb recycling	Sweden
Cu	Zincgruvan, Lundin Mining	Mine	Increased CRM-recycling	Sweden
Graphite	MRC Skaland Graphite, Senja	Graphite mine	Source of recyclable CRM-waste streams	Norway
Graphite	Vittangi, Talga Rescources/Talga AB	Mine and refinery	Increased graphite recycling	Sweden
Graphite	Woxna graphite, Leading Edge Materials	Syntetic graphite production	Chemical graphite recycling	Sweden
Graphite	Bergen Carbon solutions	Syntetic graphite production	Chemical graphite recycling	Norway
Graphite	Vianode	Syntetic graphite production	Chemical graphite recycling	Norway
Graphite	Superior Graphite	Battery grade graphite production	Increased CRM-recycling	Sweden
Graphite	Akku Minerals	Graphite mining	Increased CRM-recycling	Finland
Ni, Mn, Co, Li, graphite	Hydrovolt	Li-ion battery recycling	Increased CRM-recycling	Norway
	NanoPow	Battery anode material production	Increased CRM-recycling	Norway
FMG	FMG	Battery materials (CAM and pCAM)	Increased CRM-recycling	Finland
	Stena Recycling	battery recycling	Increased CRM-recycling	Sweden
V, Ni	Häggån, Aura Energy, Vanadis Battery Metals	Mining project	Increased CRM-recycling	Sweden
Ni, Mn, Co, Li	Northvolt Skellefteå	Li ion battery recycling	Increased CRM-recycling	Sweden
Li	Kelliber	Litium mining and refining	Increased CRM-recycling	Finland
V, REE	Ormbäcken, Eurobattery Minerals,	Mine	Increased CRM-recycling	Sweden
Fe	Outokumpu, Tornio Works	Steel production	Increased CRM-recycling in alloys	Finland
Fe	Outokumpu, Nyby Operations	Steel production	Increased CRM-recycling in alloys	Sweden
Fe	Outokumpu Degerfors Operations	Steel production	Increased CRM-recycling in alloys	Sweden
Fe	Ovako Smedjebacken	Steel mill	Increased CRM-recycling in alloys	Sweden
Fe	Outokumpu Avesta	Steel mill	Increased CRM-recycling in alloys	Sweden
Fe	Outokumpu Avesta Operations	Steel production	Increased CRM-recycling in alloys	Sweden
Fe	Ovako Hofors	Steel mill	Increased CRM-recycling in alloys	Sweden
Fe	SSAB Oxelösund	Steel mill	Increased CRM-recycling in alloys	Sweden
Fe	SSAB Luleå	Steel mill	Increased CRM-recycling in alloys	Sweden
Fe	SSAB	Steel production	Increased CRM-recycling in alloys	Sweden
Fe	Celsa Armeringsstål, Mo i Rana	Secondary steel smelter and foundry	Increased CRM-recycling in alloys	Norway
Fe	HYBRIT	Steel mill	Increased CRM-recycling in alloys	Sweden
Fe	Höganäs	Steel production	Increased CRM-recycling in alloys	Sweden
Fe	Alleima	Steel production	Increased CRM-recycling in alloys	Sweden
Fe	Ovako	Steel production	Increased CRM-recycling in alloys	Sweden
V	Neometals	Recycling V from steel slag	Increased V recycling	Finland
V	Skåne Vanadium Project, Province Rescources	Mine	Source of recyclable V-waste streams	Sweden
REE & P	Per Geijer, LKAB	Reprosessing of tailings	Increased CRM-recycling	Sweden
REE	Norra Kärr REE, Leading Edge Materials	Reprosessing of tailings	Increased REE and P recycling	Sweden
REE & P	Grangex	Reprosessing of tailings	Increased REE and P recycling	Sweden
REE, P & F	ReeMAP, LKAB	Reprocessing of tailings	Increased REE and P recycling	Sweden
LREE	REEtec	Refinery	Increased REE recycling	Norway

Appendix 2 Table: Extended list over possible measures and instruments

ID	Name of initiative	Explanation	Objective and intended effect/expected impact
	Mapping CRM-waste streams
A1	National program for mapping CRM-levels in relevant waste streams.	Identification of waste streams suitable for CRM recycling requires a minimum of information on the chemical composition of the waste. For many materials and waste streams, knowledge about the content of CRMs is very deficient. A national mapping program can ensure a systematic and sufficiently detailed description that allow waste streams that can serve as feedstock for new CRM recycling to be captured. Before mapping takes place, which waste streams are to be included in the mapping must be decided together with which parameters are to be monitored beyond CRM concentrations, as well as how sampling and data recording are to be carried out. Ownership of the data base and access rights should also be clarified. It should also be considered how the mapping program can be included as part of a more complete description of the CRM materials' life cycle movement through the technosphere. Collected data should be registered in a national database that has been set up in line with guidelines from CRMA.	Knowledge of CRM content and associated material properties is a prerequisite for identifying waste streams that may be relevant for CRM recycling, and an initial assessment of which recycling technologies that may be relevant for such recycling
A2	Establish a Swedish materials technology laboratory	Establish a Swedish materials technology laboratory corresponding to Metso/GTK in Finland and SINTEF/NTNU in Norway for more coordinated collection and description of the CRM potential in mineral residues.	More coordinated collection and description of the CRM potential in mineral residues.
A3	Develop standardized test methods for investigating the potential for CRM recovery from mineral residues	The mapping of CRM levels and other relevant properties of mineral wastes should be carried out using suitable and representative sampling methods and chemical and material engineering analysis methods. For wastes of special interest, it should be a goal that the investigation provides a three-dimensional description of variations in CRM levels and other properties throughout the masses. The test methods should also be based on a common standard that ensures comparable results between different waste streams and apply to tailings, waste rock and discarded ore..	Standardized and scientifically sound sampling techniques and analysis methods will ensure comparable, high-quality test results.
A4	Development of a common Nordic database for describing the CRM recycling potential of different waste streams	"Although describing the CRM recycling potential of different waste streams is a national responsibility, it would be an advantage if the database through which this mapping is done follows the same template in all Nordic countries. If the EU Commission does not develop a common template for this, it would be rational for the Nordic countries to cooperate on developing a common template for this, which would not only distribute the development costs among several parties, but also utilize expertise that is not necessarily equally available in all individual countries. A common database template would also simplify assessments across the Nordic borders.	A common Nordic database template for describing the CRM recycling potential of different waste streams will reduce development costs per country, provide better access to collective expertise and simplify assessments across Nordic borders.
A5	Mapping CRM content in historical landfills	The National Geological Survey is tasked with investigating the CRM content of historical tailings dumps. The mapping should build on studies already conducted.	Publicly available information that makes it possible to assess CRM resource potential in different tailings masses, as well as fulfill Article 27 of the CRMA.
A6	Mapping CRM content in active landfills	Mining companies are required to report CRM content in active tailings landfills	Publicly available information that makes it possible to assess CRM resource potential in different waste streams
A7	Mapping CRM content in active industrial landfills	Industrial companies are required to report CRM content in their waste landfills.	Publicly available information that makes it possible to assess CRM resource potential in different waste streams
A8	Mapping CRM content in historic industrial landfills	Relevant professional body is assigned to investigate CRM content in historical industrial landfills.	Publicly available information that makes it possible to assess CRM resource potential in different waste streams
A9	Mapping CRM content in active landfills	Landfill owners are required to report CRM content in their own landfills	Publicly available information that makes it possible to assess CRM resource potential in different waste streams
A10	Mapping CRM content in historical landfills	Relevant professional body is assigned to investigate CRM content in historical landfills.	Publicly available information that makes it possible to assess CRM resource potential in different waste streams
A11	Mapping of CRM content in slag, dust and sludge from the metal processing industry	Industrial companies are required to report CRM content in all relevant outgoing material streams. CRM content should be investigated every two years to capture changes in chemical composition over time. The survey should include, among others, EAF dust, jarosite sludge, SPL, dross, etc.	Publicly available information that makes it possible to assess CRM resource potential in different waste streams
A12	Mapping of CRM content in Nordic alum shale waste from ongoing projects	Projects that generate alum-shale-containing masses are required to report CRM content in these masses.	Alum shale is a problematic waste that requires special handling and the final treatment is associated with significant costs. However, alum shale also contains recoverable CRMs in some cases. CRM recovery could perhaps be built into the final treatment of alum slate without unacceptably high additional costs.
A13	Mapping of CRM content in historical alum shale landfills	Relevant professional body is commissioned to investigate CRM content in historical alum shale deposits	Alum shales in some cases contain recoverable CRMs.
A14	Establishment of a database for mineral residues from completed mineral projects	Article 27-4 of the CRMA requires all member states to establish a database containing relevant information on the CRM content of mineral tailings from completed mineral projects. The database shall include information on the location of the tailings, area use, quantities of mineral waste with associated CRM concentrations, and information on historical owners and operators. In cases where it can be documented that the tailings do not contain relevant CRM quantities, an exemption from this requirement may be granted.	Simplify access to information about mineral residues with CRM recovery potential and fulfill Article 27-4 of the CRMA.
A15	Accounting for CRM material flows in national statistical accounts	The national statistical authority ensures that statistics on products, materials and waste are compiled that enable the material flow of CRMs to be traced through the life cycle of significant products and materials in line with the guidelines in the CRMA including Article 26-7 on CRM-containing components in WEEE. The statistical basis must have a form and level of detail that enables the evaluation of progress in relation to recycling targets for individual CRMs, and must thus be more detailed than current waste statistics. The statistical basis should also have a form that enables the overall assessment of European target achievement ref Article 44 of the CRMA.	To understand the movements of CRM-enriched material flows through society, a statistical accounting of the total market consumption of CRM and corresponding waste flows is necessary. Nordic countries already keep national statistics on products placed on the market and various waste flows, but these statistics do not include CRM material flow movements..
	Collection and pretreatment
B1	Design and construction of buildings and infrastructure that support easy identification and separation of CRM-rich materials during future remediation and demolition.	Buildings and infrastructure are currently constructed without consideration for the possibility of recycling the CRM content of the building materials. This means that materials are produced and installed in ways that often prevent rational sorting of CRM-enriched waste during subsequent demolition. In addition, information is rarely available that makes it possible to identify building materials with CRM recycling potential. By taking this perspective into account when producing building materials, designing architectural and construction plans, and carrying out construction work, future sorting and collection of construction and demolition waste with CRM recycling potential can be carried out more efficiently.	Better labeling and product design for construction products and materials will enable more efficient sorting of construction waste with CRM recycling potential. This in turn could reduce the total amount of construction waste sent to landfill and incineration.
B2	Separate collection and delivery of CRM-enriched waste to relevant recycling facilities	Joint collection of CRM-containing waste with other waste fractions will normally lead to mixing, which could make subsequent sorting and pre-treatment before recycling more difficult and expensive. For this reason, separate collection should be considered for waste fractions for which CRM recycling solutions are available. As new and better CRM recycling schemes become available, collection and sorting that ensure simpler and more complete delivery of relevant waste fractions should be developed.	Source sorting and separate collection of waste fractions with CRM recycling potential could provide simpler and more cost-effective recycling.
B3	Monocell landfilling of CMR-enriched waste that cannot yet be recycled in well-marked locations in the landfill.	CRM-enriched waste, such as industrial slag, dust and sludge for which CRM recovery solutions are not yet available, should be disposed of in a manner that will facilitate later excavation and transport for recycling when new technology makes this possible. This means that relevant waste types are not mixed with other waste, but are landfilled in well-marked monocells. These landfill requirements should be specified as part of the operating permit.	Easier access to raw materials for future CRM recycling operations
B4	Increased security measures to protect temporarily stored CRM recyclable waste from illegal looting of high-value materials and components.	Sorting facilities and waste storage facilities often experience significant challenges with illegal and organized looting of particularly high-value components. These high-value components will often also contain CRMs that are lost for later recycling when stolen. Improved security measures can reduce the size of this problem	Reduced loss of CRM-recyclable components
B5	R&D program to capture CRM in material streams before they end up in recipients from where they cannot be recycled.	Much CRM content is bound in waste streams that are in some cases used as raw materials for the production of cement, glass or other ceramic materials. CRMs that are bound up in low concentrations in cement or other very stable chemical structures will later be very difficult if not impossible to recover. Technical solutions that allow the recovery of CRM from waste streams before these waste streams are used as raw materials for such production processes should therefore be considered.	Potential recycling of CRMs that are otherwise lost in cement and ceramic materials.
B6	R&D program for the development of better sorting technology.	Many waste streams that could have been CRM recycled are lost due to the lack of sorting technology that enables efficient separation from other waste streams. For example, magnets and many batteries are lost due to built-in product design solutions that make sorting difficult. For this reason, there is an urgent need to develop automated sorting solutions for better dismantling of, for example, EE waste and scrapped vehicles. Also for metal alloys, there is a need for better sorting solutions that enable more accurate separation of specific alloys.	Making larger and cleaner waste streams available for CRM recycling
B7	Picking and sorting of components from circuit boards before recycling	Printed circuit boards contain many components with CRM recycling potential, in relatively high concentrations. Today's dominant recycling solutions for printed circuit boards result in the loss of all CRMs except copper and PGM metals. Stripping printed circuit boards of components prior to recycling would allow for much more resource-efficient CRM recycling.	Increased CRM recycling from circuit boards
B8	Sorting magnets for recycling	Magnets are difficult to separate from the products they are part of, partly because they are often mounted in positions in the product that make efficient dismantling difficult, and partly because of the magnetic properties of the materials create a stickiness problem where individual magnets stick together and adhere to metal walls, conveyor belts and other equipment used in sorting. Manual sorting of magnets from WEEE and scrapped vehicles is currently the only option, as functional automatic sorting solutions have not yet been developed, and entails additional costs for sorting facilities that limit this practice. By introducing requirements for mandatory sorting of magnets, as described in Article 28 of the CRMA, this will make a waste stream with a high content of CRMs available for recycling..	Increase magnet recycling, as well as comply with Article 28 of the CRMA.
B9	Industrial sorting system for magnets made of non-magnetic material to avoid stickiness problems.	The magnetic properties of magnets pose challenges in the sorting process as magnets can stick together and adhere to metal walls, conveyor belts and other equipment used in sorting. This challenge can be addressed by demagnetizing the magnets and/or constructing sorting lines for magnets in non-magnetic materials such as brass or aluminum.	Easier and more efficient sorting of magnets
B10	Develop technology to distinguish magnet types	Magnets are made of many different materials, such as AlNiCo, SmCo, NIB and ferritic magnets. If different magnets are mixed, recycling will be difficult.	More resource-efficient recycling of magnetic metals
B11	Sorting of vibrating elements from discarded EE products	Vibration elements in EE products contain tungsten. These components should therefore be separated from discarded EE products and recycled.	Increased tungsten recovery
B12	CRM testing of larger batches of scrap metal delivered to receiving facilities.	More systematic testing of CRM content in collected scrap metal will enable easier and better sorting of specific metal alloys, which in turn will enable more recycling into cleaner and higher-value secondary alloy products.	More efficient resource utilization of CRMs and higher quality of recycled metals
B13	Sorting out aluminum alloys with high magnesium content	When aluminum alloys with a high magnesium content are recycled together with other aluminum alloys, the magnesium content is diluted, increasing the need for new magnesium beyond what would be required by selective recycling of Al-Mg alloys. For this reason, aluminum alloys with a high magnesium content should be collected and recycled in separate processes.	More resource-efficient aluminum recycling
B14	Rationalize the use of metal alloys that facilitate CRM-recycling	More standardized use of fewer aluminum alloys in significant applications, such as beverage cans, will enable aluminum recycling with higher quality secondary metal. Elimination of lead in aluminum materials will minimize heavy metal content in secondary aluminum materials.	Recycling of higher quality aluminum
B15	Labeling of components in EE products containing CRM.	Labelling of CRM-containing components in WEEE will facilitate the sorting of such components for the correct recycling process. The labelling should also entail the publication of the necessary information on material composition in the product passport and on a publicly accessible website in line with Articles 27 and 28 of the CRMA and the Ecodesign Directive	Better sorting of EE components that can be CRM recycled.
B16	Better marking of cables in infrastructure enabling later separation	Cables can contain large amounts of recyclable CRMs. Labeling cables with information about material composition will enable better sorting of specific material fractions from cables that are remediated during infrastructure demolition.	More efficient CRM recovery
B17	Better collection system for cables from demolition projects	Cables can contain large amounts of recyclable CRMs. When buildings and infrastructure are demolished, significant amounts of buried cables are often left behind, and cable waste mixed with other waste fractions is not completely sorted out. More complete and accurate remediation and sorting of cable waste will result in an increased proportion of CRMs in this waste stream being delivered for recycling.	More CRM recycling of cable waste
B18	Development of a process for sorting out gallium (and indium) containing components from discarded displays	Discarded displays contain CRMs, including gallium (and indium), which are expected to be recoverable in the future. Development of a pre-treatment process that enables the sorting and separation of recoverable CRM concentrate from display waste will capture additonal feedstock for CRM-recycling.	Better sorting of CRM concentrate from EE waste that can be recycled.
B19	Sorting out heating wires/heating elements	Heating elements in ovens, as well as some types of heating wires, are made of advanced alloys such as rhenium, tungsten (and molybdenum). These should be specifically selected for recycling.	Increased CRM-recycling
B20	More manual dismantling and cutting up of scrap metal and discarded vehicles before shredding	Shredding of scrap metal and end-of-life vehicles is a cost-effective treatment method for large quantities of metal waste, but leads to inadequate separation of individual metals and loss of CRM resources in the fine fraction that occurs during shredding of the waste. Increased manual dismantling and cutting of scrap metal and end-of-life vehicles before shredding will enable better CRM resource utilization, but at the same time be more costly. Stricter requirements for such pre-processing before shredding could improve current practice in this area.	More resource-efficient utilization of CRMs in scrap metal and end-of-life vehicles
B21	Better disassembly of EEE components in discarded vehicles before shredding	Vehicles increasingly contain EE components that are located in many different and often inaccessible places in the vehicles. When scrapping discarded vehicles, only a limited proportion of these EE components are collected before shredding, and increased sorting of these components, can so far only be done through time consuming and costly use of manual labor. A national requirement for more complete sorting of EE components should have the same effect on all shredder plants, and therefore reduce the competitive disadvantages that the additional costs of such practices would entail.	Better CRM recycling of EE waste from scrapped vehicles
B22	Collection scheme for CRM recycling of car glass	Car glass contains small additions of REE and other CRMs to obtain the correct properties, both during use and in the event of a collision. It should be considered whether car glass from scrapped cars should be sorted out and collected for organized recycling back into new car glass or similar applications.	Increased CRM-recycling
B23	Collection of CRM-enriched ammunition remnants from shooting ranges for recycling	Ammunition contains copper, antimony and sometimes bismuth or tungsten. Better collection of ammunition residue from ranges will enable the recovery of these CRMs, while also reducing the leaching of lead and other heavy metals from range sediments.	Increased recycling of copper, antimony, bismuth and tungsten, as well as reduced leaching of lead and other heavy metals.
B24	Organized emptying and dismantling of hand-held fire extinguishers	Hand-held fire extinguishers contain about 6 kg of MAP, monoammonium phosphate. About one million old hand-held fire extinguishers are annually thrown into residual waste or dumped in nature, which leads to loss of the phosphate and inefficient metal recycling, as the attached brass coupling is often not removed before the steel container is recycled. When the steel is directly recycled without mechanical removal of the brass coupling, the steel becomes contaminated. If a deposit scheme of, for example, 500-1000 NOK per extinguisher is established, this could finance a scheme where discarded hand-held fire extinguishers are emptied in a controlled manner, the MAP can be recycled, and the container can either be reused or dismantled for high-quality recycling of steel and brass.	Improved CRM-recycling
B25	Assess the possibility of incineration of selected waste streams in selected waste incineration plants to increase the concentration of CRM-levels in the ash residues.	Ash from waste incineration contains all CRMs, but mostly in concentrations that are too low for recycling to be practical. When mixed waste containing many waste streams is incinerated in the same plant, the CRM levels in waste streams with elevated CRM content will be diluted in the ash by residues from co-incineration with other waste. One possibility that should therefore be considered is the selective incineration of waste with elevated CRM content, such as fines from shredder plants, in dedicated incineration plants that would allow CRM extraction from ash with elevated CRM content. However, such a practice can present process challenges in terms of incineration temperatures and flue gas cleaning. Another example is the incineration of used textiles that cannot be reused. Today, used textiles are mainly exported to Eastern Europe, where 80-90% are sorted out and landfilled. Textiles contain some CRMs from functional fibers and dyes - in addition to high levels of silver.	Ash with elevated CRM content as a basis for recycling.
B26	Expanding the helium return gas scheme	A helium collection system will enable the return of helium that is currently vented to the atmosphere.	Increased helium recycling
B27	Assessing the CRM potential of spent reactor fuel	Spent reactor fuel contains high concentrations of REE and PGM, and after a sufficiently long cooling time are stable compounds. However, the tonnage is low and both technical and political barriers are significant. The prerequisite for being able to extract these is that spent reactor fuel is recycled, as both Finnish and Swedish fuel has been for periods.	Increased CRM-recycling
B28	Analyse wastewater from geothermal power stations for anhydrous CRMs	Water from geothermal plants in Iceland contains elevated levels of inorganic elements, including CRMs. The potential for recovery of CRMs including lithium and boron from these plants should therefore be assessed.	Increased CRM-recycling
B29	Design of vehicles for easier disassembly.	Vehicle design today takes little account of opportunities for efficient disassembly and sorting of components that can be CRM-recycled. Modified product design that enables easier disassembly of car engines for, among other things, the extraction of magnets and circuit boards will provide better sorting of waste streams that can be CRM-recycled. This includes the use of standardized fastening systems and screw heads by model, which has been established for Renault, among others.	Easier and more cost-effective dismantling of scrapped vehicles
B30	Export of tantalum-containing waste to recycling facilities in Estonia	Estonia has a tantalum recycling facility that has the capacity to recycle Nordic tantalum-containing waste, including in the form of certain EE components.	Increased tantalum recovery
B31	Rationalize the use of metal alloys that facilitate CRM recycling	A great many unique metal alloys are used for various products and materials. Increased standardization of a smaller number of alloys for larger applications will simplify the sorting of the alloys and enable more resource-efficient recycling of, among other things, CRMs. It will be particularly important to have restrictions on alloy compositions that make recycling difficult.	More resource-efficient recycling of alloys
B32	Agglomeration of CRM-containing industrial dust enabling recirculation into the melting furnace	Through briquette or pelletization, CRM-enriched dust from primary metal production that would otherwise have to be landfilled can be returned to primary smelting furnaces for further CRM extraction.	Increased CRM-recycling
B33	Information service that provides an overview of available recycling options for CRM-enriched waste.	The European waste industry is complex, which means that scrap metal traders and waste management companies do not necessarily have sufficient knowledge of all available CRM recycling solutions at all times. Lack of knowledge of available recycling solutions can lead to waste that could be CRM-recycled are being sent to other end treatment. An information service that provides an up-to-date and complete overview of available recycling solutions for CRM-enriched waste can therefore contribute to an increased proportion of CRMS waste that can be recycled are being delivered to such treatment.	Can increase the proportion of recyclable CRM-containing waste delivered to recycling facilities.
	Better recycling solutions
C1	R&D program for the development of new or more efficient CRM-recycling processes.	Recycling of critical raw materials from many waste streams is not yet possible as the technology to allow this has not yet been developed. For this reason, a massive R&D effort is needed if value chains for secondary production are to be established for all CRMs. Furthermore, the recycling efficiency of many existing CRM recycling processes is very low. For example, current recycling of printed circuit boards results in copper and gold being recycled while dozens of other important CRMs including tantalum, gallium, germanium and PGMs are lost in the slag. Discarded batteries, ammunition residues and fines from grinding scrap metal and EE waste are examples of other CRM-containing waste streams where there is a need to develop better recycling processes.	Available recycling solutions for CRMs and CRM-containing waste streams that currently lack this.
C2	Description of economic and technical potential for increased CRM recovery in waste management plans for mineral extraction companies.	According to Article 27-1 of the CRMA, companies that extract minerals must prepare a description of the economic and technical potential for increased CRM extraction that the company can contribute to. The description must be submitted to the relevant governmental authority. Companies that can document that they do not handle ore or tailings containing relevant CRM quantities may be granted an exemption from this requirement.	Contribute to identifying opportunities for increased CRM recovery from mineral residues and by-products, and raise awareness among companies of these opportunities, as well as fulfilling Article 27-1 of the CRMA.
C3	R&D program for the development of CRM recovery from wastewater	Industrial and domestic wastewater contains low levels of many CRMs both dissolved and as particles. Although standard sewage and wastewater treatment includes chemical or biological measures to remove some contaminants and nutrients, there are currently few techniques for separating CRMs other than phosphate from wastewater. An R&D program to develop new technological solutions for this, either as a stand-alone treatment step or integrated with existing treatment techniques, could lead to solutions able to capture CRMs that otherwise will be lost.	Increased recycling of CRMs that would otherwise end up as pollution in water recipients.
C4	Assessing the possibility of CRM recovery from zinc processing waste	The CRM recovery potential from waste from Nordic zinc processing is significant, and includes gallium, germanium (and indium). Techniques for such recovery are under development. Jarosite sludge is probably the most relevant waste stream for this, and is available in many millions of tonnes. However, the costs are expected to be significant for the development of such a process, and public support for this work is likely to be needed. In the meantime, a ban on the disposal of jarosite sludge mixed with other wastes that hinder or reduce the potential for future recovery should be considered.	Increased CRM-recycling
C5	Establishment of a Nordic plant for the recovery of zinc and CRM from EAF dust	There are available recovery techniques for EAF dust that enable more efficient CRM recovery than the Waltz furnace process, which is currently the dominant treatment solution for this waste. The establishment of a facility for handling Nordic EAF dust based on best available technology should be considered.	Increased recovery of CRM from EAF dust
C6	CRM recycling of olivine-based slag and foundry sand	CRM recycling of olivine-based slag and foundry sand from the process industry could extract nickel and potentially several other CRMs. Approximately 3 million tonnes of olivine are produced annually in Norway for use as a slag former and foundry sand. This olivine contains 0.4% nickel and 0.03% cobalt, in addition to smaller amounts of other metals. Used foundry sand will also be contaminated with alloying metals from the casting process. Today, foundry sand is either landfilled or used in the concrete industry, where nickel is lost.	Increased CRM-recycling
C7	Investigate the possibility of hydrometallurgical recovery of CRM from slag and other relevant waste streams from pyrometallurgical metal production	Many CRMs are lost in various waste streams from pyrometallurgical processes. The possibility of hydrometallurgical recovery of these CRMs from slag and other relevant waste streams should be investigated.	Increased knowledge about possible recycling processes for CRM-containing waste from pyrometallurgical processes
C8	Develop business models that allows establishment of networks of Nordic steelworks that more clearly specialize in the recycling of specific alloy qualities	Recycling steel with specific alloy recipes in dedicated facilities for this purpose will provide higher resource utilization of CRM alloy components such as manganese, vanadium, niobium and nickel.	More efficient resource utilization of CRMs and higher quality of recycled steel
C9	Develop business models that allow establishment of networks of Nordic secondary aluminum works specializing in the recycling of specific alloy grades	Recycling aluminum with specific alloy recipes in dedicated facilities for this purpose will provide higher resource utilization of CRM alloy components such as magnesium and scandium.	More efficient resource utilization of CRMs and higher quality of recycled aluminum
C10	Increased support for the development of more CRM-efficient process technologies for primary aluminum production	A number of alternative processes for the production of primary aluminium that could result in increased recycling or reduced need for CRMs as feedstocks are under development. Aluminium production using inert anodes would limit the need for graphite in the process, aluminium production with anorthosite would yield pure silica as a by-product, and aluminium production based on a chlorine-based salt melt would eliminate the need for fluorine for the same purpose while also enabling the extraction of trace amounts with CRMs other than aluminium. By supporting the development of these technologies, aluminium production could become far more CRM resource efficient.	Increased recycling of fluorine and graphite, and reduced waste disposal
C11	Development of a recycling process for spent pot liners from primary aluminum production	Development of a recycling process for spent pot liners from primary aluminum production could increase the recovery of fluorine and graphite. The recycling will also result in reduced amounts of hazardous waste for landfilling	Increased recycling of fluorine and graphite, and reduced waste disposal
C12	Recovery of fluorine from electrolysis baths from primary aluminum production	Recycling fluorine from electrolysis baths from the production of primary aluminum will also reduce the waste problem when the same waste has to be landfilled.	Increased recycling of fluoride, and reduced waste disposal
C13	Establishment of a Nordic recycling plant for gallium from industrial wastes from zinc and aluminum production	Establishment of a Nordic plant for the recovery of gallium enriched in dust from primary aluminum production could yield significant quantities of secondary gallium.	Establihed galium-recycling
C14	Development of recycling process for circuit boards and other EEE waste that recovers more CRMs	Recycling of WEEE focuses largely on recycling gold and copper, while other CRMs typically end up in the slag. Development of processes that also recycle other CRMs could increase the resource utilization of these waste streams	Increased CRM-recycling
C15	Support the development of a technological process for recycling silicon from solar cells	The amount of waste from solar cell disposal will increase in the coming years. Developing a process for recovering silicon from this waste could recycle high-purity silicon into new products. Solar cells also contain silver, which, although not currently CRM, could soon become one.	Establihed silicon-recycling
C16	R&D program for developing better material recycling solutions for batteries	Support the development of a technologies that allow recovery of graphite, Co, Li, Ni and Mn from batteries	Better CRM resource utilization when recycling batteries
C17	Development of a process for recycling gallium from discarded LEDs.	LED lighting contains gallium that can potentially be recycled. Development of a recycling process for this will enable more efficient CRM recovery of LED lighting.	Improved CRM-recycling
C18	Assessing the potential for extraction of helium from Norwegian natural gas production	Helium is extracted from natural gas, and world production is dominated by USA and Qatar. Extraction of helium as a new by-product from Nordic natural gas production will strengthen European self-sufficiency in this CRM.	Increased self-sufficiency of helium
C19	Installing additional flotation steps or other additional separation techniques in the ore dressing of CRM-containing minerals	In many cases, it is possible to increase the recovery efficiency of a mineral project by installing additional extraction steps in the beneficiation process. This could enable the recovery of CRMs that are currently lost in the ore dressing processes.	Installing additional flotation stages or other additional separation techniques in the ore dressing process of CRM mines could increase the recovery efficiency of these CRMs.
C20	New ore dressing process with CRM extraction in connection to stabilization pollution from mineral waste	There are a number of historic mine dumps that leak pollution into the environment, in some cases despite measures to limit this pollution. When planning new clean-up measures, it should also be considered whether this can be combined with CRM extraction. One possibility is the recovery of arsenic from certain types of copper mining tailings.	Increased CRM recovery and reduced pollution leaching
C21	Develop business models that enable the restart of closed CRM-recycling facilities	Business models should be developed that enable the restart of Nordic CRM recycling plants that have been shut down due to market manipulation. Examples of such plants are the secondary magnesium production plant on Herøya and the EAF recycling plant in Høyanger in Norway.	Re-establishment of Nordic CRM recycling.
C22	Establishment of a joint Nordic CRM recycling facility for alum slate.	Nordic alum shale constitutes a waste stream that requires expensive and complicated end treatment. At the same time, alum shale contains recoverable CRMs. Establishing a Nordic plant for stabilisation of alum shale combined with CRM extraction would potentially be a business model that both solves a waste problem and at the same time increases CRM recovery.	Increased CRM-recycling
C23	Assess the possibility of utilizing feldspar in mineral residues.	Feldspar is extracted as a by-product from several Nordic mineral projects, including Finnish gold mines, and is being landfilled as these feldspar resources are currently unable to compete with similar products from Turkey. Business models should be sought that enable commercial exploitation of these Nordic feldspar resources.	Increased resource utilization of feldspar from Nordic mineral projects
C24	Establishment of a Nordic value chain for the recycling of beryllium-copper alloys from EE products.	Beryllium-copper alloys are sorted from EE waste due to the toxic properties of beryllium, but there is currently no European recycling capacity for this CRM. The establishment of a Nordic recycling facility for this CRM alloy should therefore be considered. If such a facility comes into operation, a ban on the landfilling of copper-beryllium alloys should be introduced at the same time.	Increased CRM-recycling
C25	Increased R&D efforts for the development of more CRM resource-efficient recycling processes for lead and copper	Theoretically, it is possible to recover several other CRM by-products from copper recovery, including bismuth. Increased R&D efforts could provide technological solutions that further realize this potential.	Increased CRM-recycling
C26	Incentivize copper and nickel mines to extract cobalt more efficiently	There is technical potential for several Nordic copper and nickel mines to increase their production of CRM by-products such as cobalt. This is not profitable at current market prices, but economic incentives could change this situation.	Increased CRM-recycling
C27	Recovery of vanadium from steelmaking slag	A Nordic plant for the recovery of vanadium from steel slag should be established	Increased recovery of vanadium
C28	Recovery of manganese from industrial slag and dust	The Nordic region has a significant manganese processing industry, in addition to many manganese-rich by-product streams. Many of these manganese streams are not suitable for recycling to steelmaking alloys, but could conceivably be recovered for battery purposes through acid leaching.	Increased manganese recovery
C29	Recovery of REE from industrial waste	Nordic mining companies deposit large quantities of REE in flotation sludge and waste gypsum. There is technology with high TRL for their recovery that can be implemented	Increased REE recovery
C30	Extraction of fluoride from mineral residues.	Fluorine can be extracted from several types of Nordic mineral waste, including from Yara's phosphate mine in Silnijara and from apatite separated from LKAB's iron ore.	Increased fluoride recovery
C31	Increased R&D efforts for the development of phosphate recovery from organic waste.	Development of better recycling processes for recycling phosphate from food waste, fishery waste, fertilizer residues, sewage sludge, bioresidues from biogas production and ash residues from biocombustion could increase phosphate recycling	Increased recycling of phosphate from organic waste
C32	Recovery of phosphate from wastewater	Phosphate in wastewater can be precipitated as struvite (MgNH4PO4) and recycled back to agriculture as fertilizer.	Increased resource efficiency for phosphorus and reduced eutrophication of water recipients.
C33	Recovery of phosphate from bioresidue	Phosphate is recovered from the bioresidue from biogas plants to be used as fertilizer.	Reduced need for extraction of virgin phosphate resources. Better utilization of raw materials for biogas production. Fewer challenges with available distribution area for bioresidue.
C34	Development of technology for the extraction of CRMs from ash residues	Ash residues contain almost all CRMs, although often in low concentrations. Because ash from waste incineration constitute very large volumes, a recovery solution will still be able to extract significant amounts of CRMs such as antimony,	Development of technology for the extraction of CRMs from ash residues
C35	Increased R&D efforts for the development of recycling solutions for CRM from ammunition remnants.	Development of recycling processes for ammunition residues will enable the recycling of, among other things, copper, antimony, bismuth and tungsten from discarded ammunition and collected ammunition residues from firing ranges.	CRM recovery from shooting range.
C36	Increased R&D efforts for the development of recycling solutions for graphite	Development of better recycling processes for recycling graphite from, for example, batteries and industrial furnace linings (SPL) could increase recycling efficiency and profitability in the value chains. Another possibility is the development of production methods for producing battery-quality synthetic graphite from CO2.	Increased graphite recycling
C37	Increased R&D efforts for increased recycling of barite from offshore drilling fluids.	When purifying drilling fluids, weighting material in the form of barite can be used in new offshore drilling operations.	Increased recovery of barite
	General measures
D1	Design of a national plan for increased CRM resource efficiency.	The development of a national plan for increasing CRM resource efficiency is part of the requirements of Article 26 of the CRMA. The plan can be designed as a stand-alone document or incorporated as part of existing national waste plans, and must be revised within five years according to Article 26-2. According to Article 26-3, the programme may include financial incentive schemes such as rebates, cash rewards or refund systems. The plan should define national targets for the recovery of specific CRMs, as well as a description of how the achievement of the targets will be evaluated. Ideally, the plan should take into account that new raw materials are likely to be added to the EU CRM list.	The plan is a requirement of the CRMA and will contribute to increased and more coordinated efforts to increase European resource efficiency for CRMs.
D2	Design of Nordic UNFC database for secondary CRM resources	It should be considered whether the UNFC database for secondary resources being developed in Sweden should be further developed into a Nordic solution.	Better system for recording and evaluating secondary CRM resources