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References

Chapter 1: Carbon Markets, Nature Credit Markets, New Markets and Non-Market Mechanisms

Adaptation Fund: Setting up an Emission Reduction Mechanism for Adaptation - Adaptation Fund (adaptation-fund.org). Available at https://www.adaptation-fund.org/setting-emission-reduction-mechanism-adaptation/
Ahonen, M. et al (2022). Governance of Fragmented Compliance and Voluntary Carbon Markets Under the Paris Agreement. Politics and Governance, Vol 10, issue 1. Available at: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/politicsandgovernance/article/view/4759
African Development Bank (2023). Adaptation Benefit Mechanism (ABM), https://www.afdb.org/en/topics-and-sectors/initiatives-partnerships/adaptation-benefit-mechanism-abm
African Development Bank (2023). African Development Bank driving innovation to scale up climate adaptation, https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/african-development-bank-driving-innovation-scale-climate-adaptation-61646
African Development Bank (n.d.). COP26. African Development Bank forges ahead with new Adaptation Benefits Mechanism, https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/cop26-african-development-bank-forges-ahead-new-adaptation-benefits-mechanism-46784 
Biodiversity Credit Alliance. Available at: https://www.biodiversitycreditalliance.org/
Bloomberg NEF (2023). Biodiversity Finance Factbook. Available at:  https://assets.bbhub.io/professional/sites/24/REPORT_Biodiversity_Finance_Factbook_master_230321.pdf
Bloomberg NEF (2023). Long-term carbon offsets outlook 2023. Available at: https://about.bnef.com/blog/five-need-to-knows-about-the-future-of-voluntary-carbon-offset-markets/
Boyd, D., et al. (2022). Mitigation co-benefits of climate change adaptation. A case-study analysis of eight cities. Sustainable Cities and Society, Elsevier. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210670721008295?ref=pdf_download&fr=RR-2&rr=7f8c71281c0cb517
Business for Nature (2021). COP15 Opening: businesses call for greater policy ambition and action on nature. Available at: https://www.businessfornature.org/news/cop15-opening-business-call-to-action
Climate Sustainability Working Group (CSWG) G20 (2022). Study on the role of mitigation- adaptation co-benefits for creating a more resilient future for all. Available at: https://www.unicef.org/indonesia/media/17201/file/Study%20on%20The%20Role%20of%20Mitigation-Adaptation%20Co-Benefits%20For%20Creating%20A%20More%20Resilient%20Future%20For%20All.pdf
Coalition for a High Environmental and Social Quality Carbon Credit Market (2023) https://oneplanetsummit.fr/en/coalitions-82/coalition-high-environmental-and-social-quality-carbon-credit-market-255
Decision 4/CMA.3. Annex I, I, para 1 (ii). Available at: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/cma2021_10a01E.pdf#page=25
Decision 3/CMA.3, Annex VII, para 67 (a)-(c). Available at: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/cma2021_10a01E.pdf#page=25
EDF (2018). The Future of the Clean Development Mechanism under a New Regime of Higher Climate Ambition. Available at: https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/documents/Potential_Supply_of_CDM_Credits.pdf
Environmental Defense Fund Forest Trends (February 2018). Mapping Forest Finance - A Landscape of Available Sources of Finance for REDD+ and Climate Action in Forests. Available at: https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/documents/EDF101-REDD%2BFinance.pdf
GEF (2023). Innovative Finance for Nature and People: Opportunities and Challenges for Biodiversity-Positive Carbon Credits and Nature Certificates. Available at: https://www.thegef.org/sites/default/files/documents/2023-03/GEF_IIED_Innovative_Finance_Nature_People_2023_03_1.pdf
GEF, IIED (2023). Innovative Finance for Nature and People. Opportunities and Challenges for Biodiversity-Positive Carbon Credits and Nature Certificates. Available at: https://www.thegef.org/sites/default/files/documents/2023-03/GEF_IIED_Innovative_Finance_Nature_People_2023_03_1.pdf
GEF, Nature Finance, Carbone4 (2023). Harnessing Biodiversity Credits for People and Planet. Available at: https://www.naturefinance.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/HarnessingBiodiversityCreditsForPeopleAndPlanet.pdf
Gold Standard (2023). Certified SDG Impacts for results based finance. Available at: https://www.goldstandard.org/impact-quantification/certified-sdg-impacts
Greiner, S. et al. (2019): Moving towards next generation carbon markets: observations from Article 6 pilots. Available at: https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/175360/1/ZORA17360.pdf
Hale, T. et al (2022). Assessing the rapidly-emerging landscape of net zero targets. Climate Policy vol 22. Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14693062.2021.2013155
Huq, S. (2023). Voluntary Carbon Markets’ Credibility in Question Over Support for Adaptation – Adopting a Share of Proceeds for Adaptation as part of the Integrity Council for the Voluntary Carbon Markets. Core Carbon Principles. Available at: https://thecvf.org/our-voice/blog/voluntary-carbon-markets-credibility-in-question-over-support-for-adaptation/
IC-VCM (2023). Core Carbon Principles, Assessment Framework and Assessment Procedure. Available at: https://icvcm.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/CCP-Book-R2-FINAL-26Jul23.pdf
Karsenty, A. (2022). Emmanuel Macron’s ‘Biodiversity Credits’. What are we talking about? Available at: https://news.mongabay.com/2022/12/emmanuel-macrons-biodiversity-credits-what-are-we-talking-about/
Kreibich, N.; Hermwille, L. (2021). Caught in between. Credibility and feasibility of the voluntary market post 2020’ Climate Policy 2021, No. 7. Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14693062.2021.1948384
Lima REDD+ Information Hub. Available at: https://redd.unfccc.int/info-hub.html.
Luc Hoffman Institute (2020). Diversifying Local Livelihoods While Sustaining Wildlife – exploring incentives for community-based conservation. Available at: https://www.readkong.com/page/diversifying-local-livelihoods-while-sustaining-wildlife-4002700
Machnik, D.; Sun, P.; Tänzler, D. (2020). Climate neutrality targets of European companies and the role of carbon offsetting. Adelphi. Available at: https://www.carbon-mechanisms.de/fileadmin/media/dokumente/Publikationen/Studie/GCMII_Klimaneutral_Offsetting.pdf
Michaelowa, A. et al. (2021). Development of guidance for non-market approaches in the Paris Agreement Operationalizing Articles 6.8 and 6.9 of the Paris Agreement, German Environment Agency. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355904524_Development_of_guidance_for_non-market_approaches_in_the_Paris_Agreement_operationalizing_Articles_68_and_69_of_the_Paris_Agreement
Müller, B. (2022). Safeguarding Social Integrity in the Voluntary Carbon Market. Available at: http://blog.oxfordclimatepolicy.org/safeguarding-social-integrity-in-the-voluntary-carbon-market/
Müller, B. et al. (2022). VCM-SOPA – a Share of Proceeds for Adaptation (SOPA) in the Voluntary Carbon Market (VCM). Available at: https://ecbi.org/sites/default/files/VCM-SOPA%20final_1.pdf
NatureFinance. Taskforce on Nature Markets. Available at: https://www.naturemarkets.net/about
Nemitz, D., et al. The Paris Agreement and the Future Relevance of the Warsaw Framework for REDD+ (WFR). Forthcoming in 2024.
New Global Financing Pact. (2023). A Global Roadmap to Harness Biodiversity Credits for the Benefit of People and the Planet. Available at:  https://nouveaupactefinancier.org/img/AGlobalRoadmapForScalingUpHighIntegrityBiocredits.pdf
OECD (2016). Biodiversity Offsets – Effective design and implementation. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/environment/resources/Policy-Highlights-Biodiversity-Offsets-web.pdf
Perez, M. (2022). After COP27: The Future of REDD+ in the Paris Agreement Implementation. CCAP. Available at https://www.ccap.org/post/after-cop27-the-future-of-redd-in-the-paris-agreement-implementation
Proposed roadmap to build on key milestones of the international agenda as a follow-up to the Summit on a New Global Financing Pact (2023). Available at https://nouveaupactefinancier.org/pdf/proposed-roadmap.pdf
SBTi (2022). Science-Based Net-Zero – Scaling Urgent Corporate Climate Action Worldwide – the SBTi Progress Report 2021. Version 1.2. Available at: https://sciencebasedtargets.org/resources/files/SBTiProgressReport2021.pdf
South Pole (2023). The Voluntary Carbon Market 2022-2023. Available at: https://go.southpole.com/vcm-report-2023
Streck, C. (2021). How voluntary carbon markets can drive climate ambition. Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law. Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02646811.2021.1881275
Taskforce on Scaling Voluntary Carbon Markets (2021). Available at: https://www.iif.com/Portals/1/Files/TSVCM_Report.pdf
The Doha Amendment J to article 12 paragraph 3 of the Kyoto Protocol. Available at: https://unfccc.int/files/kyoto_protocol/application/pdf/kp_doha_amendment_english.pdf
The Global Roadmap to Harness Biodiversity Credits for the Benefit of People and the Planet (2023). Available at: https://nouveaupactefinancier.org/img/AGlobalRoadmapForScalingUpHighIntegrityBiocredits.pdf
The Integrity Council for the Voluntary Carbon Market (2023). Core Carbon Principles 2023. Available at https://icvcm.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/CCP-Book-R2-FINAL-26Jul23.pdf
The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, Section F and Target 8. Available at: https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-15/cop-15-dec-04-en.pdf
Verra (2010). Methodology for Coastal Resilience Benefits from Restoration and Protection of Tidal Wetlands. Available at https://verra.org/methodologies/methodology-for-coastal-resilience-benefits-from-restoration-and-protection-of-tidal-wetlands/
Verra (2017). Climate, Community & Biodiversity Standards – version 3.1. Available at: https://verra.org/wp-content/uploads/CCB-Standards-v3.1_ENG.pdf
Verra (2022). Nature Credits. Financing Nature Conservation and Restoration. Available at: https://verra.org/wp-content/uploads/Verra_NatureCredits_Overview_2022.pdf
Verra (2022). Update on Verra Project Reviews. Available at: https://verra.org/update-on-verra-project-reviews/
Verra (2023). Call for Projects to Pilot SD VISta Nature Framework and Biodiversity Methodology. Available at: https://verra.org/call-for-projects-to-pilot-sd-vista-nature-framework-and-biodiversity-methodology/  
Verra (2023). SD VISta Nature Framework Pilot Projects Terms of Reference. Available at: https://verra.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/SD-VISta-Nature-Framework-Call-for-Pilots-Terms-of-reference.pdf
WEF (2022). Biodiversity Credits: Unlocking Financial Markets for Nature-Positive Outcomes – briefing paper. Available at: https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Biodiversity_Credit_Market_2022.pdf
WEF (2022). Consultation Paper on High-Level Governance and Integrity Principles for Emerging Voluntary Biodiversity Credit Markets. Available at: https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Biodiversity_Credits_Markets_Integrity_and_Governance_Principles_Consultation.pdf
World Bank (2023). State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2023. Available at https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/items/58f2a409-9bb7-4ee6-899d-be47835c838f

Chapter 2: Taxation & Levies

2DII (2021). How Can Financial Sector Taxes Contribute to Climate Goals – a review of policy options. https://2degrees-investing.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Financial-Sector-Taxes-Paper.pdf
Balkin, R., and Yoshida, A. (2019). The 1971 IOPC Fund - The Road to Dissolution of an Intergovernmental Organization. Tulane Maritime Law Journal vol 44 no. 1.
CAPS (2020). Aligning Air Travel with SDGs. Available at: https://capsprogramme.org/ 
CBAM Regulation
Chancel, L. et al. (2015). Carbon and inequality: from Kyoto to Paris – Trends in the global inequality of carbon emissions (1998-2013) & prospects for an equitable adaptation fund, p. 38. Paris School of Economics. Available at: https://www.ledevoir.com/documents/pdf/chancelpiketty2015.pdf 
China’s proposal (12 May 2023). ISWG-GHG 15/3/4.
Congressional Budget office (2018). Impose a Tax on Financial Transactions. Available at: https://www.cbo.gov/budget-options/54823
Earth4All (information on): https://earth4all.life/a-major-upgrade/
EU’s proposal (12 May 2023). ISWG-GHG 15/3/2.
European Commission (2023). Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism. Available at: https://taxation-customs.ec.europa.eu/carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism_en
European Council (2022). Council Agrees on Emergency Measures to Reduce Energy Prices. Available at: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/09/30/council-agrees-on-emergency-measures-to-reduce-energy-prices/
European Parliament (2022). MEPs clear way for new sources of EU revenue. Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20221118IPR55703/meps-clear-way-for-new-sources-of-eu-revenue
FCC Aviation. German Aviation Tax. Available at: https://www.fccaviation.com/regulation/germany/aviation-tax 
FCC Aviation. French Civil Aviation Tax. Available at: https://www.fccaviation.com/regulation/france/civil-aviation-tax 
FCC Aviation. French Eco Tax. Available at: https://www.fccaviation.com/regulation/france/eco-tax
FCC Aviation. French Solidarity Tax. Available at: https://www.fccaviation.com/regulation/france/solidarity-tax 
Fortune Business Insights (2022). Aviation Fuel Market Size, Share & COVID-19 Impacts Analysis, By Fuel Type, By End User and Regional Forecasts, 2022-2029. Available at: https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/industry-reports/aviation-fuel-market-100427
German Departure Tax Law (2021). (In German). Available at: https://www.buzer.de/s1.htm?g=LuftVStAbsenkV+2021&f=1
IATA (2023). Industry Statistics – Fact Sheet. Available at: https://www.iata.org/en/iata-repository/pressroom/fact-sheets/industry-statistics/
IATA (2023). Jet Fuel Price Monitor. Available at: https://www.iata.org/en/publications/economics/fuel-monitor/
ICAO (2000). Doc 8632 ICAO’s Policies on Taxation in the Field of International Air Transport. Third edition. Available at: https://www.icao.int/publications/Documents/8632_3ed_en.pdf
ICAO (2022). Long term global aspirational goal (LTAG) for international aviation. Available at: https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/Pages/LTAG.aspx 
ICAO (2023). Covid-19 impacts and 2022 CORSIA periodic review. Available at: https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/CORSIA/Pages/CORSIA-and-Covid-19.aspx
ICCT (2022) Aviation Climate Finance Using a Global Frequent Flying Levy. Available at: https://theicct.org/publication/global-aviation-frequent-flying-levy-sep22/    
IEA (2023). The World’s top 1% of emitters produce over 1000 times more CO2 than the bottom 1%. Available at: https://www.iea.org/commentaries/the-world-s-top-1-of-emitters-produce-over-1000-times-more-co2-than-the-bottom-1
IEA (2023). Tracking Clean Energy Progress 2023 – Assessing critical energy technologies for global clean energy transitions, Tracking Aviation. Available at: https://www.iea.org/energy-system/transport/aviation 
IMO (2011). Note by the IMO to the first meeting of the Transitional Committee for the design of the GCF – Marked-Based Measures for International Shipping. Available at: https://unfccc.int/files/meetings/awg/application/pdf/imo_all_250511.pdf  
IMO (2020). Fourth Greenhouse Gas Study 2020. Available at: https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/Pages/Fourth-IMO-Greenhouse-Gas-Study-2020.aspx
IMO (July 2023). Annex 1 – Resolution MEPC.377(80) 2023 IMO strategy on Reduction of GHG Emissions from Ships (IMO 2023 Strategy). Available at: https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/OurWork/Environment/Documents/annex/2023%20IMO%20Strategy%20on%20Reduction%20of%20GHG%20Emissions%20from%20Ships.pdf
International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) (April 2018). The International Maritime Organization’s Initial Greenhous Gas Strategy. Available at: https://theicct.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/IMO_GHG_StrategyFInalPolicyUpdate042318.pdf
Klein, A. (2020). What is a financial transaction tax? Brookings. Available at: https://www.brookings.edu/articles/what-is-a-financial-transaction-tax-2/
Klimafinanseringsutvalget (2023). Hvis ikke Norge, hvem? (in Norwegian). Available at: https://www.kirkensnodhjelp.no/contentassets/7e3a4a5f7bf14cbea5ae29578e76a672/hvis-ikke-norge-hvem.pdf
MSP Consultancy. Motor vehicle tax in the Netherlands. Available at: https://psmconsultancy.nl/en/motor-vehicle-tax/
Müller, B. (n.d.) Innovative Sources for Multilateral Climate Finance. Oxford Climate Policy. Available at: https://oxfordclimatepolicy.org/innovative-sources-multilateral-climate-finance
Müller, B. et al (2023). International Climate Solidarity Levies – a Manifesto on an Innovative Funding Source for the new Loss and Damage Response Fund. Available at: http://blog.oxfordclimatepolicy.org/international-climate-solidarity-levies/ 
Norway (2016). ICAO State action Plan on CO2 emissions reduction activities Norway. Available at: https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/Lists/ActionPlan/Attachments/64/Norway_StateActionPlan_5Aug16.pdf 
Norway’s proposal (12 October 2022). ISWG-GHG 13/4/2.
Owen, A., and Barrett, J. (2020). Reducing inequality resulting from UK low-carbon policy. Climate Policy. Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14693062.2020.1773754
Oxfam (2023). Survival of the Richest – How we must tax the super-rich now to fight inequality. Available at: https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/621477/bp-survival-of-the-richest-160123-en.pdf
Raskere klimaomstilling, Redusert risiko (2020). Ny politikk for Norge i en verden som når Parismålene. (in Norwegian). Available at: https://www.klimaomstillingsutvalget.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Klimaomstillingsutvalgsrapport-2020.pdf
Reuters (2022). Millionaires group calls for wealth tax at virtual Davos. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/business/millionaires-group-calls-wealth-tax-virtual-davos-2022-01-19/
Ryan, M., A. (2023). Is Aviation Fuel Taxed? If Not, Why Not? Available at: https://simpleflying.com/aviation-fuel-taxation-guide/
Stamp Out Poverty et al. (2018). The Climate Damages Tax – A Guide to What It Is And How it Works. Available at: https://www.stampoutpoverty.org/live2019/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/CDT_guide_web23.pdf
The Climate Damages Tax (2018). A guide to what it is and how it works. Stamp Out Poverty. Available at: https://www.stampoutpoverty.org/live2019/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/CDT_guide_web23.pdf
TØI (2023). Luftfartsstrategiens klimatiltak: Hvordan påvirkes billettpriser, passasjertal og CO2 utslipp. (in Norwegian). Available at: https://www.toi.no/publikasjoner/luftfartsstrategiens-klimatiltak-hvordan-pavirkes-billettpriser-passasjertall-og-co2-utslipp-article38140-8.html 
UK Government (2018). Exemptions from Air Passenger Duty. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/exemptions-from-air-passenger-duty
UK Government (2023). Guidance – Rates for Air Passenger Duty. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/rates-and-allowances-for-air-passenger-duty
UN (1972). Report of the UN Conference on the Human Environment. Available at: https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/KnowledgeCentre/ConferencesMeetings/Documents/A%20CONF.48%2014%20Rev.1.pdf
UN (2010). Report of the Secretary-General’s High-level Advisory Group on Climate Change Financing. Available at: https://www.cbd.int/financial/interdevinno/un-climate-report.pdf
UN SG (5 November 2010). Report of the Secretary General’s High-Level Advisory Group on Climate Change Financing, p. 23. Available at: https://www.cbd.int/financial/interdevinno/un-climate-report.pdf
UNFCCC AWC-LCA (2009). Proposal by the LDCs within the framework of the Bali Action Plan. Available at: https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2009/awglca6/eng/misc04p01.pdf
UNITAID (2013). French levy on airline tickets raises more than one billion euros for world’s poor since 2006. Available at: https://unitaid.org/news-blog/french-levy-on-airline-tickets-raises-more-than-one-billion-euros-for-worlds-poor-since-2006/#en
UPSC (2023). Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM): A Flawed Approach to Climate Finance. Available at: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/cbam-climate-finance/
US Department of Transport (2022). Current Aviation Excise Tax Structure and Rates. Available at: https://www.faa.gov/budget/aatf/current-aviation-excise-tax-structure-and-rates 
US Federal Aviation Administration. Aviation Fuel Tax Action Plans and Status. Available at: https://www.faa.gov/airports/airport_compliance/aviation_fuel_tax
World Bank (2019). How Much Does Reducing Inequality Matter for Global Poverty, p. 20. Available at: https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/328651559243659214/pdf/How-Much-Does-Reducing-Inequality-Matter-for-Global-Poverty.pdf
World Inequality Lab (2023). Available at: https://inequalitylab.world/en/our-mission/ 
World Inequality Lab (2023). Climate Inequality Report 2023. Available at: https://wid.world/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/CBV2023-ClimateInequalityReport-3.pdf

Chapter 3: Cat Bonds, Debt-Swaps, Guarantees, Private Sector Risk Pooling, Frontloading & Philanthropy

Adaptation Fund (n.d.). Innovative Visa Platform and Partnership with UNFCCC at COP 24 Generated About 59K EUR for Adaptation Fund. Available at: https://www.adaptation-fund.org/cop27/previous-cops-2/cop24/partnership/
Ando, S. et al. (2022). Sovereign Climate Debt Instruments: An Overview of the Green and Catastrophe Bond Markets. IMF Staff Climate Note. Available at: https://www.elibrary.imf.org/downloadpdf/journals/066/2022/004/066.2022.issue-004-en.xml
American Academy of Actuaries (2009). Critical Issues in Health Reform: Risk Pooling. Available at: https://www.actuary.org/sites/default/files/pdf/health/pool_july09.pdf
Artemis (n.d.). Deal Directory. Available at: https://www.artemis.bm/deal-directory/
Artemis (n.d.). What Is a Catastrophe Bond? Available at: https://www.artemis.bm/library/what-is-a-catastrophe-bond/
Bank for International Settlements (2021). A global database on central banks’ monetary responses to Covid-19. Available at https://ww­­­w.bis.org/publ/work934.pdf
Bank for International Settlements (2022). Retrieved from: https://www.bis.org/statistics/
Bartz-Zuccala, W. et al. (2021). Making Blended Finance Work for Sustainable Development: The Role of Risk Transfer Mechanisms. OECD PF4SD Perspective Series. Available at: https://one.oecd.org/document/DCD(2021)16/en/pdf
BBC Future (2020). The Deal That Saved Seychelles' Troubled Waters. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200803-the-deal-that-saved-seychelles-troubled-waters
Bhandari, P. et al. (2022). Loss and Damage from Climate Change. World Resources Institute. Available at: https://www.wri.org/insights/loss-damage-climate-change
Blended Finance Earth (n.d.). Seychelles Debt Swap. Available at: https://www.blendedfinance.earth/sustainability-linked-debt/2020/11/16/seychelles-debt-swap
Blended Finance Taskforce (2023). Better Guarantees, Better Finance. Available at: https://www.blendedfinance.earth/better-guarantees-better-finance 
Bloomberg (2022). Historic Cascade of Defaults Is Coming for Emerging Markets. Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-07-07/why-developing-countries-are-facing-a-debt-default-crisis
Bloomberg (2021). IMF Warns of Economic Collapse in Poor Nations Without Debt Fix. Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-12-02/imf-warns-of-economic-collapse-in-some-nations-without-debt-fix 
Braun, A., and Kousky, C. (2021). Catastrophe Bonds. Wharton Risk Center Primer. Available at: https://riskcenter.wharton.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Cat-Bond-Primer-July-2021.pdf 
Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility (n.d.). Livelihood Protection Policy (LPP). Available at: https://www.ccrif.org/projects/crai/livelihood-protection-policy-lpp
Camp, L., and Fernandez, A. (2017). Pay for Results in Development. USAID. Available at: https://pages.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/pay_for_performance_letter_v5_final_dec_5_2017.pdf
ClimateWorks Global Intelligence. Funding trends 2021: Climate change mitigation philanthropy. Available at: https://www.climateworks.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/CWF_Funding_Trends_2021.pdf
Convergence (2023). Best Practices for Donor Governments Engaging in Blended Finance. Available at: https://www.convergence.finance/resource/best-practices-for-donor-governments-engaging-in-blended-finance/view
Cronk, L.; Aktipis, A. (2021). Design Principles for Risk-Pooling Systems. Nat Hum Behav 5, pp. 825–833 (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01121-9
DiFiore, P. et al. (2021). Catastrophe Bonds: Natural Diversification. Neuberger Berman. Available at: https://www.nb.com/en/global/insights/white-paper-catastrophe-bonds-natural-diversification 
Durand, A. et al. (2016). Financing Options for Loss and Damage: A Review and Roadmap. Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik. Available at: https://www.idos-research.de/en/discussion-paper/article/financing-options-for-loss-and-damage-a-review-and-roadmap
Escalante, D., and Orrego, C. (2021). Results-Based Financing Blueprint. Climate Policy Initiative. Available at: https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Results-Based-Financing-Blueprint-May-2021.pdf
European Parliament Research Service (n.d.). Understanding Loss and Damage Addressing the unavoidable impacts of climate change. Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2022/733598/EPRS_BRI(2022)733598_EN.pdf
Federal Reserve (2022). Credit Card Profitability. Available at: https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/notes/feds-notes/credit-card-profitability-20220909.html 
Forbes (2023). Credit Card Processing Fees. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/advisor/business/credit-card-processing-fees/ 
Fournier, J. et al (2022). Governments Need Agile Fiscal Policies As Food And Fuel Prices Spike. IMF Blog. Available at: https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2022/04/20/blog-fm-govs-need-agile-fiscalpolicies-042022
Franczak, M. (2023). Financing Loss and Damage at Scale: Toward a Mosaic Approach. International Peace Institute. Available at: https://ww.ipinst.org/2023/05/financing-loss-and-damage-at-scale-toward-a-mosaic-approach
Gallagher, C.; Addison, S. (2022). Financing Loss and Damage: Four Key Challenges. IIED. Available at: https://www.iied.org/21141iied
Garbacz W. et al (2021). The Role of Guarantees in Blended Finance. OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers, No 97 OECD Publishing. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/dac/the-role-of-guarantees-in-blended-finance-730e1498-en.htm
Green Finance Institute (n.d.). Sustainable Ocean Fund. Available at: https://www.greenfinanceinstitute.co.uk/gfihive/case-studies/sustainable-ocean-fund/ 
Harvard Kennedy School, The Hauser Institute. Global Philanthropy Report, Perspectives on the global foundation sector, 2018, pp. 16-19, available at: https://cpl.hks.harvard.edu/files/cpl/files/global_philanthropy_report_final_april_2018.pdf
Hebbale, C., and Urpelainen, J. (2023). Debt-for-Adaptation Swaps: A Financial Tool to Help Climate-Vulnerable Nations. Brookings Institution. Available at: https://www.brookings.edu/articles/debt-for-adaptation-swaps-a-financial-tool-to-help-climate-vulnerable-nations 
International Capital Market Association (2022), ICMA publishes new climate resilient debt clauses to facilitate sovereign debt relief and financial stability. Available at: https://www.icmagroup.org/News/news-in-brief/icma-publishes-new-climate-resilient-debt-clauses-to-facilitate-sovereign-debt-relief-and-financial-stability/
International Finance Facility for Immunisation (n.d.). The International Finance Facility for Immunisation. Vaccine Bonds. Available at: https://iffim.org/sites/default/files/library/audio-visual/presentations/iffim-investor-presentation/IFFIm%20Investor%20Presentation.pdf
International Finance Facility for Immunisation (2022). Resource Guide 2022. Available at: https://iffim.org/sites/default/files/IFFIm-Resource-Guide-2022.pdf
International Finance Facility for Immunisation (2022). Trustees' Reports 2022. Available at: https://iffim.org/sites/default/files/trustees-reports/IFFIm-2022-Trustees-Report-and-Financial-Statements.pdf  
International Finance Facility for Immunisation (2022 and 2023). Ratings Reports. Available at: https://iffim.org/investor-centre/ratings-reports 
Jensen, L. (2022). Avoiding ‘Too Little Too Late’ on International Debt Relief. UNDP Development Futures Series Working Papers. Available at: https://www.undp.org/publications/dfs-avoiding-too-little-too-late-international-debt-relief 
International Finance Corporation (2023). DFI Working Group on Blended Concessional Finance for Private Sector Projects Joint Report. Available at: https://www.convergence.finance/resource/dfi-working-group-on-blended-concessional-finance-for-private-sector/view 
Marcos, M. et al. (2022), Debt-For-Climate Swaps: Analysis, Design, and Implementation. IMF Working Papers, Volume 2022 issue 162. Available at: https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/journals/001/2022/162/001.2022.issue-162-en.xml
Mirova (2022). Sustainable Ocean Fund Impact Report. Available at: https://www.mirova.com/sites/default/files/2023-07/Rapport-impact-SOF-2022-EN_bd.pdf
OECD (n.d.). Debt for Environment Swaps. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/env/outreach/debt-for-environmentswaps.htm 
Pill, M. (2022). Towards a Funding Mechanism for Loss and Damage from Climate Change. Climate Risk Management, Volume 35. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2021.100391
Reuters (2023). Cat Bond Funds Ranked Among 2023's Top Performing Credit Funds. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/markets/rates-bonds/cat-bond-funds-ranked-among-2023s-top-performing-credit-funds-2023-08-09
Richards J. et al. (2023), The Loss and Damage Finance Landscape. Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung. Available at: https://us.boell.org/sites/default/files/2023-05/the_loss_and_damage_finance_landscape_hbf_ldc_15052023.pdf
Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors. Global Trends and Strategic Time Horizons in Philanthropy 2022, available at: https://www.rockpa.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Time-Horizons-2022-1.pdf
Singh, D., and Widge, V. (2021). Debt-for-Climate Swaps Blueprint. Climate Policy Initiative. Available at: https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Debt-for-Climate-Swaps-Blueprint-May-2021.pdf
Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures (2020). TCFD 2022 Overview. Available at: https://assets.bbhub.io/company/sites/60/2022/12/tcfd-2022-overview-booklet.pdf
The Commonwealth (2020). Case Study: Innovative Financing – Debt-for-Conservation Swap Seychelles Conservation and Climate Adaptation Trust Fund. Available at: https://thecommonwealth.org/case-study/case-study-innovative-financing-debt-conservation-swap-seychelles-conservation-and
The Economist (2020). Financing the Ocean: Technologies of Tomorrow. Available at: https://ocean.economist.com/blue-finance/articles/financing-the-ocean-technologies-of-tomorrow
The Nature Conservancy (n.d.). Belize Blue Bond Annex A. Available at: https://www.nature.org/content/dam/tnc/nature/en/documents/Belize_Blue_Bond_Annex_A.pd 
The Wall Street Journal (2023). Visa, Mastercard Prepare to Raise Credit Card Fees. Available at: https://www.wsj.com/finance/visa-mastercard-prepare-to-raise-credit-card-fees-ed779be1
UN Development Programme (2022). UN Development Programme Calls for Debt Relief Now for 54 Countries. Available at: https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/10/1129427 
USAID (2016). Mainstreaming Results-Based Finance: Actionable Recommendations for USAID. Available at: https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00TK3C.pdf
Wenger, Cathrine. A Gap Analysis of Finance Flows for Addressing Loss and Damage Technical Paper, C2ES, June 2023. Available at: https://www.c2es.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/LD-Funding-Arrangements-Gap-Analysis.pdf
World Bank (n.d.). World Bank Catastrophe Bond provides Jamaica with Financial Protection against Tropical Cyclones. Available at: https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/43a111757d3b1ff1cabde80ee7eb0535-0340012021/original/Case-Study-Jamaica-Cat-Bond.pdf
World Bank (2022). What You Need to Know About Results-Based Climate Finance. Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2022/08/17/what-you-need-to-know-about-results-based-climate-finance 
World Bank Blogs (2021). How the Catastrophe Bond Market Is Supporting Financial Resilience in Jamaica. Available at: https://blogs.worldbank.org/latinamerica/how-catastrophe-bond-market-supporting-financial-resilience-jamaica
World Bank Press Release (2018). World Bank Group, Germany, and UK Launch $145 Million Financing Facility to Support Earlier Action on Climate and Disaster Shocks. Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2018/10/12/world-bank-group-germany-and-uk-launch-145-million-financing-facility-to-support-earlier-action-on-climate-and-disaster-shcks
World Bank Press Release (2022). World Bank Group Launches Global Shield Financing Facility to Help Developing Countries Adapt to Climate Change. Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/11/14/world-bank-group-launches-global-shield-financing-facility-to-help-developing-countries-adapt-to-climate-change
World Bank Press Release (2023). World Bank Executes Its Largest Single-Country Catastrophe Bond and Swap Transaction to Provide Chile $630 Million in Financing. Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2023/03/17/world-bank-executes-its-largest-single-country-catastrophe-bond-and-swap-transaction-to-provide-chile-630-million-in-fin 

Chapter 4: Insurance

Adesiyan, T., (2020). Policy Framework - Extreme Climate Facility v.0.4. African Risk Capacity. Available at: https://www.arc.int/extreme-climate-facility
African Development Bank rolls out programme to boost climate risk financing and insurance for African countries, (2018). Available at https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/african-development-bank-rolls-out-programme-to-boost-climate-risk-financing-and-insurance-for-african-countries-18618
African Risk Capacity (ARC): https://www.arc.int/
African Risk Capacity (2021). eXtreme Climate Facility (XCF) Summary. Index Design and Risk Modelling. Policy Brief. South Africa. Available at https://www.arc.int/sites/default/files/2021-09/XCF-Policy-Brief-Summary.pdf
Beirne, J.; Renzhi, N.; Volz, U. (2021). Feeling the heat. Climate risks and the cost of sovereign borrowing. International Review of Economics & Finance 76, pp. 920–936. DOI: 10.1016/j.iref.2021.06.019.
Bharadwaj, R.; Mitchell, T.; Karthikeyan, N. (2023). Protecting against sovereign debt defaults under growing climate impacts. International Institute for Environment and Development.
Carter, M.; Sugastti, M.M.; Fava, F. & Jensen, N. (2021). Evaluating the case for national disaster risk insurance. MRR Innovation Lab Evidence Insight No. 2021-02.
Centre for International Governance Innovation (2016). Thinking outside the boat about climate change L&D. Innovative Insurance, Financial and Institutional Mechanisms to Address Climate Harm Beyond the Limits of Adaptation. Washington D.C. Available at https://www.cigionline.org/static/documents/workshop_washington_march2016.pdf
Ciullo, A., Strobl, E., Meiler, S., Martius, O., Bresch, D. (2023). Increasing countries’ financial resilience through global catastrophe risk pooling. Nature Communications 14.
Conway, S.; Young, S. (2023): Slow-onset climate hazards pose unique risks (Insurance Day). Available at https://insuranceday.com/ID1144301/Slow-onset-climate-hazards-pose-unique-risks
GlobalAgRisk Inc. (1/29/2013). First-Ever "Forecast" Insurance Offered for Extreme El Niño in Peru. Lexington, Kentucky. Jerry Skees. Available at http://globalagrisk.com/Pubs/2013%20Press%20Release_First_Ever%20_Forecast%20Insurance%20Peru.pdf
Global Federation of Insurance Associations (2023): Global protection gaps and recommendations for bridging them. Available at https://gfiainsurance.org/topics/487#.
InsuResilience Global Partnership Vision 2025 (2021). Available at https://www.insuresilience.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/vision2025_211022.pdf
Janzen et al. (2018). ‘Can Insurance Markets Alter Poverty Dynamics and Reduce the Cost of Social Protection in Risk-Prone Regions of Developing Countries?’ (25 January 2018). Available at: https://arefiles.ucdavis.edu/uploads/filer_public/93/65/936524ce-1430-455e-b7b1-e63b2d38a8ee/valuing_asset_insurance_format_test.pdf
Jarzabkowski, P.; Chalkias, K.; Clarke, D.; Iyahen, E.; Stadtmueller, D.; Zwick, A. (2019). Insurance for climate adaptation. Opportunities and limitations. Global Commission on Adaptation. Rotterdam. Available at https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/id/eprint/28797/1/insurance-for-climate-adaptation-opportunities-limitations.pdf
Martinez-Diaz, L.; Sidner, L.; McClamrock, J. (2019). The Future of disaster risk pooling… - Google Scholar. World Resources Institute. Washington. Available at https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=10292514299593698604&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5
Maslo, D. (2022). How anticipatory insurance can help Africa better prepare and respond to natural disasters. World Economic Forum. Available at https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/11/africaanticipatory-insurance-africa-natural-disasters-response/
Nshakira-Rukundo, E., Kamau, J., & Baumüller, H. (2021). Determinants of uptake and strategies to improve agricultural insurance in Africa. A review. Environment and Development Economics, 26(5-6), pp. 605-631.
Panda, A.; Ahmed, S. J.; Seifert, V.; Kreft, S. (2021). Background Note. Further Taxonomic Considerations of Premium and Capital Support and Allocation Aspects. MCII. Available at https://climate-insurance.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/SMART-principles-for-premium-support-_26July-Pre-Publication_final.pdf
Pople, A.; Hill, R. V.; Dercon, S.; Brunckhorst, B. (2021). Anticipatory Cash Transfers in Climate Disaster Response, p. 7. Working paper 6, Centre for Disaster Protection, London. Available at: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/61542ee0a87a394f7bc17b3a/t/61b9bec86ba2e76d344f8b63/1639562959520/FINAL%2BAnticipatory_Cash_Transfers_in_Climate_Disaster_Response%2B%28for%2BWP%29%2BF3.pdf
Robinson, S.-A.; Khan, M.; Roberts, J. T.; Weikmans, R.; Ciplet, D. (2021). Financing L&D from slow onset events in developing countries. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 50, pp. 138–148. DOI: 10.1016/j.cosust.2021.03.014
Scott, Z.; Panwar, V.; Weingärtner, L.; Wilkinson, E. (2022). The political economy of premium subsidies: searching for better impact and design. Insights for Sovereign Climate and Disaster Risk Finance and Insurance. Available at https://www.insuresilience.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/PEA_PremiumSubsidies_TP2-2022-12-22-14_06_52.pdf

Siegele, L. (2012). The theme of slow onset impact. The L&D in Vulnerable Country Initiative. Available at https://germanwatch.org/sites/default/files/publication/6674.pdf 
Surminski, S.; Bouwer, L. M.; Linnerooth-Bayer, J. (2016). How insurance can support climate resilience. Nat. Clim. Chang. 6 (4), pp. 333–334. DOI: 10.1038/nclimate2979
Sumrinski, S.; Barnes, J.; Vincent, K. (2022). Can insurance catalyse government planning on climate? Emergent evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa. World Development, 153.
The Global Innovation Lab for Climate Finance (2022): Climate Insurance-Linked Resilient Infrastructure Financing (CILRIF) | The Global Innovation Lab for Climate Finance. Available at https://www.climatefinancelab.org/ideas/climate-insurance-linked-resilient-infrastructure-financing-cilrif/
The Innovation Dividend Podcast (2020). ‘A Covid cash-transfer programme that gives more money to women’ (16 June 2020). Available at: https://undp-ric.medium.com/cina-lawson-a-covid-cash-transfer-programme-that-gives-more-money-to-women-in-togo-2386c5dff49
The Nature Conservancy (2023). Case Study - Belize blue bonds for ocean conservation. The Nature Conservancy.
Töpper, J.; Stadtmüller, D. (2022). Smart Premium and Capital Support: Enhancing Climate and Disaster Risk Finance Effectiveness Through Greater Affordability and Sustainability. Available at https://www.insuresilience.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/SMART-Premium-and-Capital-Support_Policy-Note-1.pdf
UNU-EHS, UNCDF, MCII (2023). Climate and Disaster Risk Financing and Insurance: 25 key terms you need to know. Available at https://climate-insurance.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/CDRFI_25KeyTerms_Factsheet_June2023.pdf
Vivideconomics (2016). Final report. Understanding the role of publicly funded premium subsidies in disaster risk insurance in developing countries. Evidence on Demand.
Vivideconomics (2017): Final report. Understanding the role of publicly funded premium subsidies in disaster risk insurance in developing countries.
Warner, K.; Kreft, S.; Zissener, M.; Höppe, P.; Bals, C.; Loster, T. et al. (2012): Insurance solutions in the context of climate change-related L&D. In 97839399. Available at http://collections.unu.edu/view/unu:1835