9 Sharing of Health Data

9.1 Sharing of health data – healthcare providers

Another topic that was scrutinized in the survey was citizens’ willingness to share their digital health data. In Question 15 the citizens were asked, “In the case of the need for personal treatment in another Nordic country, which digital health data would you then accept to share across healthcare providers (e.g. hospitals, outpatient clinics, etc.) in the Nordic Countries?”. Answers are shown in Table 9.1.a and Figure 9.1.a an overview of the answers to question 15 is presented.

Participants were allowed to provide multiple answers; thus, frequency and N are not equal.

Table 9.1.a In the case of the need for personal treatment in another Nordic country, which digital health data would you then accept to share across healthcare providers (e.g. hospitals, outpatient clinics, etc.) in the Nordic Countries?

	Denmark		Finland		Iceland		Norway		Sweden
	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Medical history	722	71	727	72	704	69	668	66	702	69
Diagnoses	652	64	671	66	650	64	634	62	606	60
Medication/prescriptions	739	73	779	77	729	72	735	72	704	69
Test results/laboratory data	641	63	643	63	676	67	573	56	581	57
Immunization	740	73	719	71	744	73	722	71	677	67
Allergies	629	62	623	61	676	67	629	62	581	57
Referrals	422	41	395	39	401	40	366	36	429	42
Online booking (eBooking)	358	35	318	31	287	28	296	29	316	31
Data you have collected/generated	245	24	165	16	196	19	198	19	202	20
Other issues	18	2	5	0	9	1	6	1	2	0
None	74	7	58	6	93	9	64	6	88	9
Don’t know	104	10	106	10	89	9	123	12	108	11
N	1017		1015		1013		1016		1017

Figure 9.1.a In the case of the need for personal treatment in another Nordic country, which digital health data would you then accept to share across healthcare providers (e.g. hospitals, outpatient clinics, etc.) in the Nordic Countries?

In general, the majority of the citizens seem willing to share their data if needed for treatment purposes. Hence, on average citizens are willing to share digital health data concerning their Medical history (69%), Diagnoses (63%), Medication/prescriptions (73%), Test results/laboratory data (61%), Immunization (71%), and Allergies (62%).

Fewer citizens were on average willing to share data linked to the indicators referrals (40%) and online bookings (31%), data that, compared to the other options, seem to have relatively less relevance in a treatment context.

Interestingly, only 16% (Finland) to 25% (Denmark), of the citizens wished to share data in a treatment situation which they had collected/generated.

Across the countries, 6% (Finland/Norway) to 9% (Iceland/Sweden) of the citizens are not willing to share any of their digital health data.

Cross tables – Denmark

Table 9.1.b In the case of the need for personal treatment in another Nordic country, which digital health data would you then accept to share across healthcare providers (e.g. hospitals, outpatient clinics, etc.) in the Nordic Countries? Danish answers crossed with age, gender, and educational level.

	Medical history		Diagnoses		Medication/ prescriptions		Test results/ laboratory data		Immunization		Allergies		Referrals		Online booking (eBooking)		Data you have collected/ generated		Other issues		None		Don’t know
Age	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
18–29 years	152	15	140	14	150	15	135	13	145	14	146	14	104	10	84	8	76	7	6	1	6	1	6	1
30–39 years	110	11	110	11	122	12	110	11	128	13	116	11	83	8	70	7	50	5	4	0	6	1	11	1
40–49 years	122	12	113	11	130	13	112	11	125	12	113	11	85	8	72	7	47	5			13	1	17	2
50–59 years	113	11	99	10	111	11	105	10	119	12	100	10	61	6	59	6	34	3	3	0	17	2	18	2
60–69 years	102	10	92	9	103	10	88	9	106	10	77	8	38	4	29	3	15	1	2	0	12	1	24	2
70 years or more	123	12	98	10	123	12	91	9	117	12	77	8	51	5	44	4	23	2	3	0	20	2	28	3
	Medical history		Diagnoses		Medication/ prescriptions		Test results/ laboratory data		Immunization		Allergies		Referrals		Online booking (eBooking)		Data you have collected/ generated		Other issues		None		Don’t know
Gender	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Female	331	33	309	30	350	34	298	29	349	34	294	29	183	18	155	15	99	10	5	0	46	5	64	6
Male	390	38	342	34	388	38	342	34	390	38	334	33	238	23	202	20	146	14	13	1	28	3	40	4
Do not wish to share that information	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0
	Medical history		Diagnoses		Medication/ prescriptions		Test results/ laboratory data		Immunization		Allergies		Referrals		Online booking (eBooking)		Data you have collected/ generated		Other issues		None		Don’t know
Education level	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Primary school	30	3	29	3	30	3	26	3	32	3	27	3	20	2	13	1	11	1	2	0	6	1	2	0
Secondary education (Matriculation exam etc.)	80	8	78	8	86	8	75	7	80	8	77	8	54	5	42	4	36	4			1	0	5	0
Vocational education	83	8	70	7	76	7	70	7	81	8	64	6	43	4	37	4	28	3	3	0	11	1	24	2
Short higher education (less than 3 years)	61	6	50	5	63	6	43	4	62	6	50	5	28	3	22	2	14	1	2	0	10	1	13	1
Medium-length higher education (3–4 years)	213	21	194	19	222	22	188	18	221	22	187	18	116	11	105	10	69	7	4	0	22	2	38	4
Longer higher education (over 4 years)	227	22	205	20	235	23	211	21	235	23	200	20	140	14	121	12	76	7	6	1	23	2	21	2
PhD	28	3	26	3	27	3	28	3	29	3	24	2	21	2	18	2	11	1	1	0	1	0	1	0
N = 1017

Cross tables – Finland

Table 9.1.c In the case of the need for personal treatment in another Nordic country, which digital health data would you then accept to share across healthcare providers (e.g. hospitals, outpatient clinics, etc.) in the Nordic Countries? Finnish answers crossed with age, gender, and educational level.

	Medical history		Diagnoses		Medication/ prescriptions		Test results/ laboratory data		Immuni-zation		Allergies		Referrals		Online booking (eBooking)		Data you have collected/ generated		Other issues		None		Don’t know
Age	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
18–29 years	127	13	119	12	124	12	114	11	125	12	119	12	88	9	76	7	52	5	1	0	8	1	32	3
30–39 years	109	11	105	10	126	12	100	10	112	11	108	11	64	6	54	5	27	3			10	1	19	2
40–49 years	106	10	92	9	118	12	93	9	102	10	99	10	61	6	49	5	26	3	1	0	13	1	12	1
50–59 years	130	13	113	11	135	13	106	10	124	12	112	11	62	6	47	5	18	2			10	1	13	1
60–69 years	123	12	119	12	132	13	108	11	125	12	103	10	65	6	50	5	22	2	1	0	7	1	15	1
70 years or more	132	13	123	12	144	14	122	12	131	13	82	8	55	5	42	4	20	2	2	0	10	1	15	1
	Medical history		Diagnoses		Medication/ prescriptions		Test results/ laboratory data		Immun-ization		Allergies		Referrals		Online booking (eBooking)		Data you have collected/ generated		Other issues		None		Don’t know
Gender	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Female	359	35	340	33	398	39	316	31	366	36	338	33	200	20	153	15	79	8	1	0	25	2	59	6
Male	359	35	321	32	372	37	317	31	344	34	276	27	188	19	160	16	82	8	4	0	30	3	45	4
Non-binary	7	1	8	1	7	1	8	1	7	1	7	1	5	0	4	0	3	0			1	0	1	0
Do not wish to share that information	2	0	2	0	2	0	2	0	2	0	2	0	2	0	1	0	1	0			2	0	1	0
	Medical history		Diagnoses		Medication/ prescriptions		Test results/ laboratory data		Immuniz-ation		Allergies		Referrals		Online booking (eBooking)		Data you have collected/ generated		Other issues		None		Don’t know
Education level	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Primary school	63	6	53	5	65	6	53	5	59	6	49	5	36	4	18	2	11	1	1	0	5	0	16	2
Secondary education (Matriculation exam etc.)	74	7	68	7	78	8	64	6	77	8	67	7	49	5	36	4	27	3			4	0	13	1
Vocational education	201	20	181	18	209	21	172	17	193	19	163	16	105	10	87	9	42	4			23	2	23	2
Short higher education (less than 3 years)	107	11	94	9	110	11	87	9	104	10	81	8	38	4	28	3	12	1			5	0	14	1
Medium-length higher education (3–4 years)	146	14	146	14	169	17	135	13	151	15	145	14	89	9	79	8	50	5	4	0	10	1	23	2
Longer higher education (over 4 years)	122	12	115	11	134	13	119	12	121	12	107	11	71	7	65	6	21	2			8	1	17	2
PhD	14	1	14	1	14	1	13	1	14	1	11	1	7	1	5	0	2	0			3	0
N = 1015

Cross tables – Iceland

Table 9.1.d In the case of the need for personal treatment in another Nordic country, which digital health data would you then accept to share across healthcare providers (e.g. hospitals, outpatient clinics, etc.) in the Nordic Countries? Icelandic answers crossed with age, gender, and educational level.

	Medical history		Diagnoses		Medication/ prescriptions		Test results/ laboratory data		Immuni-zation		Allergies		Referrals		Online booking (eBoo-king)		Data you have collected/ generated		Other issues		None		Don’t know
Age	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
18–29 years	159	16	158	16	165	16	160	16	166	16	168	17	111	11	75	7	60	6	1	0	19	2	16	2
30–39 years	140	14	136	13	144	14	136	13	145	14	137	14	97	10	73	7	55	5	2	0	20	2	20	2
40–49 years	123	12	120	12	127	13	114	11	126	12	125	12	79	8	48	5	37	4	3	0	18	2	13	1
50–59 years	102	10	96	9	112	11	105	10	113	11	106	10	62	6	45	4	21	2	1	0	14	1	15	1
60–69 years	86	8	72	7	93	9	80	8	102	10	80	8	28	3	24	2	13	1			12	1	15	1
70 years or more	94	9	68	7	88	9	81	8	92	9	60	6	24	2	22	2	10	1	2	0	10	1	10	1
	Medical history		Diagnoses		Medication/ prescriptions		Test results/ laboratory data		Immuni-zation		Allergies		Referrals		Online booking (eBoo-king)		Data you have collected/ generated		Other issues		None		Don’t know
Gender	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Female	344	34	335	33	377	37	352	35	387	38	361	36	191	19	121	12	84	8	3	0	48	5	51	5
Male	353	35	308	30	345	34	317	31	350	35	308	30	204	20	162	16	109	11	6	1	45	4	37	4
Non-binary	6	1	6	1	6	1	6	1	6	1	6	1	6	1	4	0	3	0					1	0
Do not wish to share that information	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0
	Medical history		Diagnoses		Medication/ prescriptions		Test results/ laboratory data		Immuni-zation		Allergies		Referrals		Online booking (eBoo-king)		Data you have collected/ generated		Other issues		None		Don’t know
Education level	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Primary school	60	6	52	5	60	6	59	6	62	6	58	6	32	3	23	2	21	2	3	0	13	1	8	1
Youth education	35	3	29	3	35	3	33	3	36	4	26	3	11	1	9	1	5	0			4	0	6	1
Vocational education	40	4	33	3	38	4	32	3	30	3	29	3	20	2	14	1	5	0			4	0	4	0
Master’s degree in industrial industry	33	3	24	2	29	3	25	2	36	4	24	2	13	1	7	1	4	0			7	1	5	0
Matriculation exam	93	9	90	9	99	10	93	9	100	10	99	10	63	6	37	4	28	3			17	2	12	1
Secondary education, other than Matriculation exam	62	6	55	5	64	6	57	6	64	6	57	6	30	3	22	2	11	1			11	1	9	1
Secondary education, technical school examination	20	2	16	2	20	2	17	2	22	2	18	2	9	1	7	1	5	0			6	1	7	1
Bachelor’s degree (BSc)	180	18	173	17	192	19	179	18	194	19	178	18	108	11	80	8	59	6	3	0	20	2	25	2
Master’s degree, MSc	171	17	168	17	180	18	170	17	188	19	176	17	108	11	83	8	56	6	3	0	10	1	13	1
PhD	10	1	10	1	12	1	11	1	12	1	11	1	7	1	5	0	2	0			1	0
N = 1013

Cross tables – Norway

Table 9.1.e In the case of the need for personal treatment in another Nordic country, which digital health data would you then accept to share across healthcare providers (e.g. hospitals, outpatient clinics, etc.) in the Nordic Countries? Norwegian answers crossed with age, gender, and educational level.

	Medical history		Diagnoses		Medication/ prescriptions		Test results/ laboratory data		Immuni-zation		Allergies		Referrals		Online booking (eBoo-king)		Data you have collected/ generated		Other issues		None		Don’t know
Age	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
18–29 years	127	13	129	13	143	14	118	12	141	14	135	13	76	7	64	6	56	6	2	0	9	1	34	3
30–39 years	128	13	116	11	136	13	110	11	132	13	126	12	72	7	53	5	49	5			12	1	12	1
40–49 years	113	11	106	10	125	12	96	9	128	13	114	11	62	6	46	5	30	3	1	0	13	1	15	1
50–59 years	110	11	114	11	130	13	105	10	124	12	118	12	68	7	60	6	33	3	1	0	7	1	27	3
60–69 years	95	9	87	9	101	10	75	7	99	10	77	8	47	5	43	4	18	2	1	0	12	1	16	2
70 years or more	95	9	82	8	100	10	69	7	98	10	59	6	41	4	30	3	12	1	1	0	11	1	19	2
	Medical history		Diagnoses		Medication/ prescriptions		Test results/ laboratory data		Immuni-zation		Allergies		Referrals		Online booking (eBoo-king)		Data you have collected/ generated		Other issues		None		Don’t know
Gender	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Female	321	32	320	31	375	37	289	28	364	36	328	32	167	16	127	13	81	8	3	0	28	3	57	6
Male	345	34	311	31	359	35	282	28	355	35	299	29	198	19	168	17	117	12	3	0	36	4	65	6
Non-binary	1	0	2	0			1	0	2	0	1	0	1	0	1	0
Do not wish to share that information	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0											1	0
	Medical history		Diagnoses		Medication/ prescriptions		Test results/ laboratory data		Immuni-zation		Allergies		Referrals		Online booking (eBoo-king)		Data you have collected/ generated		Other issues		None		Don’t know
Education level	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Primary school	23	2	22	2	27	3	22	2	24	2	22	2	14	1	11	1	7	1			4	0	12	1
Secondary education (Matriculation exam etc.)	77	8	76	7	88	9	71	7	87	9	78	8	49	5	36	4	28	3			5	0	22	2
Upper secondary school - vocational subjects	65	6	59	6	70	7	47	5	66	6	56	6	27	3	22	2	15	1			12	1	17	2
Vocational training (skilled worker, craftsman)	94	9	87	9	106	10	71	7	102	10	87	9	48	5	36	4	24	2	1	0	10	1	17	2
Medium-length higher education (3–4 years)	206	20	205	20	228	22	180	18	222	22	191	19	116	11	94	9	63	6	2	0	17	2	35	3
Longer higher education (over 4 years)	194	19	173	17	204	20	172	17	209	21	184	18	105	10	92	9	58	6	3	0	15	1	19	2
PhD	9	1	12	1	12	1	10	1	12	1	11	1	7	1	5	0	3	0			1	0	1	0
N = 1016

Cross tables – Sweden

Table 9.1.f In the case of the need for personal treatment in another Nordic country, which digital health data would you then accept to share across healthcare providers (e.g. hospitals, outpatient clinics, etc.) in the Nordic Countries? Swedish answers crossed with age, gender, and educational level.

	Medical history		Diagnoses		Medication/ prescriptions		Test results/ laboratory data		Immuni-zation		Allergies		Referrals		Online booking (eBoo-king)		Data you have collected/ generated		Other issues		None		Don’t know
Age	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
18–29 years	135	13	122	12	128	13	116	11	140	14	127	12	90	9	75	7	55	5			16	2	20	2
30–39 years	122	12	110	11	119	12	107	11	111	11	112	11	90	9	71	7	49	5	1	0	13	1	18	2
40–49 years	126	12	110	11	125	12	108	11	117	12	114	11	85	8	56	6	34	3	1	0	10	1	15	1
50–59 years	109	11	93	9	113	11	85	8	107	11	94	9	63	6	49	5	27	3			15	1	19	2
60–69 years	102	10	83	8	101	10	76	7	93	9	72	7	47	5	28	3	23	2			12	1	19	2
70 years or more	108	11	88	9	118	12	89	9	109	11	62	6	54	5	37	4	14	1			22	2	17	2
	Medical history		Diagnoses		Medication/ prescriptions		Test results/ laboratory data		Immuni-zation		Allergies		Referrals		Online booking (eBoo-king)		Data you have collected/ generated		Other issues		None		Don’t know
Gender	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Female	367	36	312	31	372	37	306	30	348	34	307	30	220	22	159	16	89	9	1	0	33	3	49	5
Male	329	32	289	28	326	32	270	27	323	32	269	26	207	20	154	15	112	11	1	0	55	5	58	6
Non-binary	4	0	4	0	4	0	3	0	3	0	3	0	1	0	2	0	1	0
Do not wish to share that information	2	0	1	0	2	0	2	0	3	0	2	0	1	0	1	0							1	0
	Medical history		Diagnoses		Medication/ prescriptions		Test results/ laboratory data		Immuni-zation		Allergies		Referrals		Online booking (eBoo-king)		Data you have collected/ generated		Other issues		None		Don’t know
Education level	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Elementary school	48	5	39	4	49	5	38	4	45	4	35	3	25	2	18	2	9	1			9	1	12	1
Secondary school	298	29	258	25	300	29	240	24	288	28	247	24	175	17	127	12	91	9	1	0	36	4	57	6
University/ College	347	34	300	29	346	34	294	29	332	33	288	28	222	22	165	16	97	10	1	0	43	4	37	4
PhD	9	1	9	1	9	1	9	1	12	1	11	1	7	1	6	1	5	0					2	0
N = 1017

9.2 Sharing of health data – research

Question 16 is very similar to question 15 as it concerns citizens’ sharing of health data; however, in this question, they are asked whether they would allow their data to be used for research purposes across the Nordic countries. Table 9.2.a and Figure 9.2.a provides an overview of the answers.

Participants were allowed to choose between multiple response options; thus, frequency and N are not equal.

Table 9.2.a In the case of the need for personal treatment, which digital health data would you accept to share for research across the Nordic Countries?

	Denmark		Finland		Iceland		Norway		Sweden
	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Medical history	634	62	567	56	627	62	595	59	590	58
Diagnoses	589	58	551	54	630	62	563	55	557	55
Medication/prescriptions	620	61	588	58	646	64	586	58	581	57
Test results/laboratory data	601	59	537	53	623	62	529	52	545	54
Immunization	622	61	576	57	655	65	609	60	579	57
Allergies	537	53	476	47	594	59	518	51	501	49
Referrals	336	33	275	27	362	36	288	28	346	34
Online booking (eBooking)	263	26	196	19	251	25	239	24	241	24
Data you have collected/generated	219	22	114	11	181	18	178	18	163	16
Other issues	20	2	5	0	13	1	5	0	4	0
None	134	13	149	15	119	12	115	11	128	13
Don’t know	143	14	148	15	136	13	164	16	161	16
N	1017		1015		1013		1016		1017

Figure 9.2.a In the case of the need for personal treatment, which digital health data would you accept to share for research across the Nordic Countries?

The general pattern in citizens’ responses from question 15 is repeated in question 16. What is different, is citizens' overall willingness to share data, which seems to be at least 10 percentage points lower for research purposes compared to individual treatment purposes.

When used for research, the following number of citizens are on average willing to share digital health data concerning their Medical history (59%), Diagnoses (57%), Medication/prescriptions (60%), Test results/laboratory data (56%), Immunization (60%), and Allergies (52%).

Once again, fewer citizens were on average willing to share data concerning referrals, online bookings, and health data they have collected/generated on their own.

Across the countries, 11% (Norway) to 15% (Finland) of the citizens are not willing to share any of their digital health data for research purposes.

Cross tables – Denmark

Table 9.2.b In the case of the need for personal treatment, which digital health data would you accept to share for research across the Nordic Countries? Danish answers crossed with age, gender, and educational level.

	Medical history		Diagnoses		Medication/prescriptions		Test results/ laboratory data		Immuni-zation		Allergies		Referrals		Online booking (eBoo-king)		Data you have collected/ generated		Other issues		None		Don’t know
Age	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
18–29 years	128	13	121	12	129	13	127	12	122	12	126	12	86	8	77	8	70	7	8	1	16	2	18	2
30–39 years	91	9	88	9	90	9	89	9	97	10	93	9	58	6	47	5	43	4	4	0	25	2	18	2
40–49 years	107	11	103	10	108	11	100	10	105	10	99	10	69	7	49	5	42	4			26	3	26	3
50–59 years	98	10	99	10	96	9	108	11	101	10	91	9	46	5	38	4	32	3	2	0	24	2	23	2
60–69 years	87	9	79	8	84	8	83	8	86	8	62	6	31	3	20	2	15	1	5	0	24	2	27	3
70 years or more	123	12	99	10	113	11	94	9	111	11	66	6	46	5	32	3	17	2	1	0	19	2	31	3
	Medical history		Diagnoses		Medication/ prescriptions		Test results/ laboratory data		Immuni-zation		Allergies		Referrals		Online booking (eBoo-king)		Data you have collected/ generated		Other issues		None		Don’t know
Gender	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Female	282	28	277	27	276	27	276	27	288	28	247	24	140	14	105	10	84	8	7	1	76	7	91	9
Male	351	35	311	31	343	34	324	32	333	33	289	28	195	19	157	15	135	13	13	1	58	6	52	5
Do not wish to share that information	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0
	Medical history		Diagnoses		Medication/ prescriptions		Test results/ laboratory data		Immuni-zation		Allergies		Referrals		Online booking (eBoo-king)		Data you have collected/ generated		Other issues		None		Don’t know
Education level	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Primary school	26	3	22	2	27	3	24	2	25	2	22	2	14	1	9	1	9	1	2	0	7	1	6	1
Secondary education (Matriculation exam etc.)	67	7	65	6	67	7	65	6	67	7	65	6	43	4	36	4	32	3	1	0	12	1	10	1
Vocational education	77	8	65	6	75	7	70	7	72	7	50	5	37	4	32	3	25	2	3	0	12	1	29	3
Short higher education (less than 3 years)	48	5	52	5	50	5	49	5	49	5	33	3	19	2	9	1	10	1	3	0	15	1	13	1
Medium-length higher education (3–4 years)	190	19	170	17	177	17	171	17	188	18	163	16	90	9	70	7	59	6	4	0	39	4	56	6
Longer higher education (over 4 years)	201	20	191	19	199	20	197	19	195	19	180	18	114	11	92	9	69	7	6	1	46	5	27	3
PhD	25	2	24	2	25	2	25	2	26	3	24	2	19	2	15	1	15	1	1	0	3	0	2	0
N = 1017

Cross tables – Finland

Table 9.2.c In the case of the need for personal treatment, which digital health data would you accept to share for research across the Nordic Countries? Finnish answers crossed with age, gender, and educational level.

	Medical history		Diagnoses		Medication/ prescriptions		Test results/ laboratory data		Immuni-zation		Allergies		Referrals		Online booking (eBoo-king)		Data you have collected/ generated		Other issues		None		Don’t know
Age	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
18–29 years	89	9	95	9	96	9	87	9	105	10	92	9	62	6	53	5	33	3			28	3	33	3
30–39 years	88	9	82	8	93	9	79	8	82	8	82	8	47	5	35	3	19	2			27	3	27	3
40–49 years	74	7	65	6	76	7	62	6	72	7	64	6	32	3	27	3	15	1	2	0	27	3	27	3
50–59 years	102	10	97	10	104	10	101	10	104	10	90	9	43	4	26	3	14	1	1	0	26	3	22	2
60–69 years	104	10	99	10	106	10	99	10	105	10	80	8	46	5	28	3	18	2	1	0	18	2	20	2
70 years or more	110	11	113	11	113	11	109	11	108	11	68	7	45	4	27	3	15	1	1	0	23	2	19	2
	Medical history		Diagnoses		Medication/ prescriptions		Test results/ laboratory data		Immuni-zation		Allergies		Referrals		Online booking (eBoo-king)		Data you have collected/ generated		Other issues		None		Don’t know
Gender	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Female	259	26	250	25	271	27	249	25	273	27	240	24	128	13	91	9	50	5	3	0	83	8	91	9
Male	302	30	295	29	312	31	283	28	297	29	231	23	144	14	103	10	62	6	2	0	62	6	53	5
Non-binary	5	0	5	0	4	0	4	0	5	0	4	0	2	0	2	0	2	0			1	0	3	0
Do not wish to share that information	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0							3	0	1	0
	Medical history		Diagnoses		Medication/ prescriptions		Test results/ laboratory data		Immuni-zation		Allergies		Referrals		Online booking (eBoo-king)		Data you have collected/ generated		Other issues		None		Don’t know
Education level	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Primary school	53	5	49	5	54	5	51	5	53	5	42	4	26	3	19	2	12	1			10	1	17	2
Secondary education (Matriculation exam etc.)	53	5	52	5	58	6	48	5	63	6	50	5	36	4	25	2	19	2			17	2	16	2
Vocational education	167	16	152	15	168	17	145	14	159	16	129	13	76	7	48	5	27	3	1	0	45	4	33	3
Short higher education (less than 3 years)	79	8	75	7	78	8	82	8	75	7	57	6	20	2	13	1	6	1	1	0	20	2	21	2
Medium-length higher education (3–4 years)	113	11	119	12	123	12	113	11	125	12	109	11	60	6	50	5	30	3	3	0	25	2	34	3
Longer higher education (over 4 years)	90	9	93	9	96	9	88	9	89	9	77	8	51	5	39	4	18	2			29	3	26	3
PhD	12	1	11	1	11	1	10	1	12	1	12	1	6	1	2	0	2	0			3	0	1	0
N = 1015

Cross tables – Iceland

Table 9.2.d In the case of the need for personal treatment, which digital health data would you accept to share for research across the Nordic Countries? Icelandic answers crossed with age, gender, and educational level.

	Medical history		Diagnoses		Medication/ prescriptions		Test results/ laboratory data		Immuni-zation		Allergies		Referrals		Online booking (eBoo-king)		Data you have collected/ generated		Other issues		None		Don’t know
Age	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
18–29 years	141	14	152	15	150	15	148	15	154	15	153	15	97	10	73	7	62	6	2	0	26	3	19	2
30–39 years	119	12	121	12	123	12	119	12	123	12	121	12	85	8	62	6	40	4	3	0	27	3	32	3
40–49 years	99	10	103	10	99	10	97	10	100	10	99	10	62	6	39	4	33	3	2	0	24	2	28	3
50–59 years	98	10	103	10	106	10	98	10	106	10	99	10	63	6	43	4	25	2	2	0	17	2	20	2
60–69 years	81	8	74	7	82	8	80	8	85	8	64	6	27	3	14	1	11	1			13	1	21	2
70 years or more	89	9	77	8	86	8	81	8	87	9	58	6	28	3	20	2	10	1	4	0	12	1	16	2

	Medical history		Diagnoses		Medication/ prescriptions		Test results/ laboratory data		Immuni-zation		Allergies		Referrals		Online booking (eBoo-king)		Data you have collected/ generated		Other issues		None		Don’t know
Gender	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Female	301	30	315	31	324	32	316	31	330	33	311	31	162	16	100	10	71	7	2	0	59	6	86	8
Male	320	32	308	30	315	31	301	30	318	31	276	27	195	19	147	15	107	11	11	1	59	6	49	5
Non-binary	6	1	6	1	6	1	6	1	6	1	6	1	5	0	4	0	3	0					1	0
Do not wish to share that information			1	0	1	0			1	0	1	0									1	0
	Medical history		Diagnoses		Medication/ prescriptions		Test results/ laboratory data		Immuni-zation		Allergies		Referrals		Online booking (eBoo-king)		Data you have collected/ generated		Other issues		None		Don’t know
Education level	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Primary school	57	6	54	5	57	6	57	6	58	6	54	5	32	3	22	2	19	2	3	0	16	2	8	1
Youth education	31	3	28	3	28	3	28	3	31	3	21	2	10	1	6	1	2	0	1	0	6	1	10	1
Vocational education	36	4	34	3	31	3	30	3	30	3	27	3	15	1	11	1	6	1	1	0	4	0	5	0
Master’s degree in industrial industry	32	3	24	2	30	3	27	3	33	3	21	2	11	1	7	1	6	1			5	0	8	1
Matriculation exam	83	8	88	9	90	9	87	9	90	9	88	9	54	5	33	3	28	3			19	2	20	2
Secondary education, other than Matriculation exam	57	6	53	5	58	6	57	6	56	6	51	5	33	3	21	2	14	1			12	1	16	2
Secondary education, technical school examination	18	2	19	2	21	2	19	2	20	2	17	2	11	1	4	0	3	0	1	0	7	1	5	0
Bachelor’s degree (BSc)	169	17	174	17	171	17	167	16	177	17	164	16	99	10	82	8	57	6	5	0	27	3	29	3
Master’s degree, MSc	137	14	148	15	151	15	143	14	151	15	143	14	91	9	60	6	44	4	2	0	22	2	32	3
PhD	7	1	8	1	9	1	8	1	9	1	8	1	6	1	5	0	2	0			1	0	3	0
N = 1013

Cross tables – Norway

Table 9.2.e In the case of the need for personal treatment, which digital health data would you accept to share for research across the Nordic Countries? Norwegian answers crossed with age, gender, and educational level.

	Medical history		Diagnoses		Medication/ prescriptions		Test results/ laboratory data		Immuni-zation		Allergies		Referrals		Online booking (eBoo-king)		Data you have collected/ generated		Other issues		None		Don’t know
Age	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
18–29 years	111	11	111	11	114	11	109	11	121	12	111	11	70	7	60	6	51	5	1	0	23	2	41	4
30–39 years	111	11	108	11	110	11	104	10	112	11	106	10	56	6	46	5	40	4			18	2	25	2
40–49 years	92	9	83	8	88	9	83	8	97	10	81	8	42	4	28	3	25	2	1	0	21	2	28	3
50–59 years	106	10	103	10	107	11	98	10	110	11	98	10	52	5	48	5	32	3			15	1	31	3
60–69 years	86	8	80	8	82	8	67	7	84	8	67	7	33	3	30	3	15	1	1	0	20	2	18	2
70 years or more	89	9	78	8	85	8	68	7	85	8	55	5	35	3	27	3	15	1	2	0	18	2	21	2
	Medical history		Diagnoses		Medication/ prescriptions		Test results/ laboratory data		Immuni-zation		Allergies		Referrals		Online booking (eBoo-king)		Data you have collected/ generated		Other issues		None		Don’t know
Gender	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Female	276	27	276	27	281	28	254	25	293	29	250	25	126	12	105	10	77	8	2	0	54	5	94	9
Male	319	31	286	28	305	30	274	27	314	31	268	26	161	16	134	13	101	10	3	0	60	6	69	7
Non-binary			1	0			1	0	2	0			1	0
Do not wish to share that information																					1	0	1	0
	Medical history		Diagnoses		Medication/ prescriptions		Test results/ laboratory data		Immuni-zation		Allergies		Referrals		Online booking (eBoo-king)		Data you have collected/ generated		Other issues		None		Don’t know
Education level	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Primary school	23	2	20	2	25	2	18	2	23	2	23	2	12	1	8	1	7	1			5	0	11	1
Secondary education (Matriculation exam etc.)	63	6	62	6	63	6	60	6	68	7	60	6	31	3	27	3	23	2			14	1	31	3
Upper secondary school - vocational subjects	58	6	57	6	59	6	49	5	56	6	47	5	26	3	23	2	17	2			18	2	20	2
Vocational training (skilled worker, craftsman)	88	9	81	8	90	9	78	8	87	9	72	7	40	4	29	3	24	2			15	1	23	2
Medium-length higher education (3–4 years)	189	19	176	17	176	17	162	16	179	18	153	15	87	9	72	7	50	5	2	0	30	3	50	5
Longer higher education (over 4 years)	166	16	157	15	164	16	151	15	187	18	154	15	87	9	76	7	57	6	3	0	31	3	28	3
PhD	8	1	10	1	9	1	11	1	9	1	9	1	5	0	4	0					2	0	1	0
N = 1016

Cross tables – Sweden

Table 9.2.f In the case of the need for personal treatment, which digital health data would you accept to share for research across the Nordic Countries? Swedish answers crossed with age, gender, and educational level.

	Medical history		Diagnoses		Medication/ prescriptions		Test results/ laboratory data		Immuni-zation		Allergies		Referrals		Online booking (eBoo-king)		Data you have collected/ generated		Other issues		None		Don’t know
Age	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
18–29 years	116	11	114	11	116	11	107	11	124	12	113	11	83	8	65	6	48	5			23	2	33	3
30–39 years	97	10	94	9	100	10	93	9	94	9	95	9	72	7	54	5	45	4	1	0	24	2	30	3
40–49 years	97	10	102	10	98	10	96	9	101	10	95	9	56	6	42	4	28	3	1	0	20	2	25	2
50–59 years	95	9	83	8	90	9	82	8	83	8	73	7	49	5	32	3	18	2	1	0	18	2	28	3
60–69 years	91	9	76	7	82	8	75	7	80	8	62	6	39	4	20	2	13	1			14	1	25	2
70 years or more	94	9	88	9	95	9	92	9	97	10	63	6	47	5	28	3	11	1	1	0	29	3	20	2
	Medical history		Diagnoses		Medication/ prescriptions		Test results/ laboratory data		Immuni-zation		Allergies		Referrals		Online booking (eBoo-king)		Data you have collected/ generated		Other issues		None		Don’t know
Gender	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Female	289	28	280	28	288	28	266	26	290	29	253	25	171	17	115	11	72	7	2	0	56	6	89	9
Male	295	29	272	27	287	28	274	27	282	28	243	24	172	17	122	12	90	9	2	0	72	7	71	7
Non-binary	4	0	3	0	4	0	3	0	4	0	3	0	2	0	3	0	1	0
Do not wish to share that information	2	0	2	0	2	0	2	0	3	0	2	0	1	0	1	0							1	0
	Medical history		Diagnoses		Medication/ prescriptions		Test results/ laboratory data		Immuni-zation		Allergies		Referrals		Online booking (eBoo-king)		Data you have collected/ generated		Other issues		None		Don’t know
Education level	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Elementary school	35	3	34	3	35	3	31	3	36	4	28	3	20	2	12	1	6	1			16	2	18	2
Secondary school	260	26	245	24	258	25	233	23	246	24	212	21	148	15	103	10	73	7	2	0	48	5	76	7
University/College	289	28	272	27	280	28	276	27	289	28	254	25	173	17	122	12	81	8	2	0	63	6	62	6
PhD	6	1	6	1	8	1	5	0	8	1	7	1	5	0	4	0	3	0			1	0	5	0
N = 1017