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10 Effects/​Consequences Linked to Digital Healthcare

The questions 17 to 25 examine citizens' attitudes towards the digitalization of healthcare. The respondents were faced with various statements and given the following response options: Strongly agree, Agree, Neutral, Disagree, Strongly disagree, Not applicable, and Don't know.

10.1 Effect on learning

In question 17 citizens are asked whether access to their digital health data has helped them understand their health situation better. An overview of the answers can be found in Table 10.1.a and Figure 10.1.a.
Table 10.1.a Access to my digital health data has helped me understand my health situation better.
Denmark
Finland
Iceland
Norway
Sweden
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Strongly agree
163
16
216
21
134
13
97
10
156
15
Agree
307
30
373
37
313
31
234
23
287
28
Neutral
308
30
273
27
335
33
413
41
293
29
Disagree
56
6
52
5
90
9
68
7
66
6
Strongly disagree
89
9
26
3
38
4
79
8
80
8
Not applicable
48
5
33
3
46
5
53
5
61
6
Don't know
46
5
42
4
57
6
72
7
74
7
Total
1017
100
1015
100
1013
100
1016
100
1017
100
Figure 10.1.a Access to my digital health data has helped me understand my health situation better.
As seen in Figure 10.1.a, 58% of Finns, 46% of Danes, 44% of Icelanders, 43% of Swedes and 33% of Norwegians participants agree or strongly agree that access to their digital health data has helped them understand their health situation better. Hence, these numbers indicate that it varies how the populations in the Nordic countries utilize their personal health data for learning purposes.

Cross tables – Denmark

Table 10.1.b Access to my digital health data has helped me understand my health situation better. Danish answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, and need for assistance when using digital health services
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
18–29 years
42
4
59
6
33
3
11
1
24
2
5
0
6
1
30–39 years
15
1
50
5
43
4
11
1
15
1
10
1
7
1
40–49 years
31
3
38
4
62
6
10
1
15
1
7
1
9
1
50–59 years
20
2
42
4
64
6
12
1
15
1
8
1
9
1
60–69 years
23
2
51
5
48
5
8
1
11
1
8
1
4
0
70 years or more
32
3
67
7
58
6
4
0
9
1
10
1
11
1
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
67
7
150
15
173
17
28
3
48
5
22
2
24
2
Male
96
9
156
15
135
13
28
3
41
4
26
3
22
2
Do not wish to share that information
 
 
1
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Primary school
6
1
12
1
10
1
1
0
9
1
3
0
3
0
Secondary education (Matriculation exam etc.)
20
2
31
3
26
3
6
1
7
1
3
0
2
0
Vocational education
19
2
47
5
39
4
6
1
6
1
5
0
9
1
Short higher education (less than 3 years)
18
2
25
2
38
4
6
1
9
1
3
0
 
 
Medium-length higher education (34 years)
50
5
93
9
99
10
14
1
25
2
14
1
18
2
Longer higher education (over 4 years)
43
4
89
9
89
9
21
2
33
3
16
2
12
1
PhD
7
1
10
1
7
1
2
0
 
 
4
0
2
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Always
1
0
3
0
 
 
1
0
4
0
 
 
2
0
Often
4
0
2
0
 
 
1
0
2
0
1
0
 
 
Sometimes
2
0
11
1
18
2
1
0
6
1
 
 
1
0
Rarely
12
1
41
4
48
5
12
1
7
1
2
0
15
1
Never
143
14
249
24
242
24
40
4
66
6
39
4
26
3
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services
1
0
1
0
 
 
 
0
3
0
6
1
 
 
Don't know/do not remember
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
0
1
0
 
 
2
0
N = 1017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Cross tables – Finland

Table 10.1.c Access to my digital health data has helped me understand my health situation better. Finnish answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, and need for assistance when using digital health services.
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
18–29 years
57
6
63
6
47
5
3
0
2
0
6
1
6
1
30–39 years
32
3
60
6
51
5
11
1
1
0
2
0
3
0
40–49 years
23
2
60
6
43
4
9
1
4
0
4
0
8
1
50–59 years
38
4
59
6
49
5
10
1
8
1
4
0
5
0
60–69 years
24
2
73
7
42
4
12
1
5
0
5
0
6
1
70 years or more
42
4
58
6
41
4
7
1
6
1
12
1
14
1
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
105
10
186
18
136
13
30
3
16
2
14
1
22
2
Male
108
11
180
18
134
13
22
2
10
1
17
2
20
2
Non-binary
2
0
5
0
2
0
 
 
 
 
1
0
 
 
Do not wish to share that information
1
0
2
0
1
0
 
 
 
 
1
0
 
 
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Primary school
18
2
32
3
18
2
4
0
3
0
12
1
5
0
Secondary education (Matriculation exam etc.)
24
2
34
3
31
3
4
0
2
0
2
0
5
0
Vocational education
61
6
101
10
71
7
17
2
3
0
9
1
16
2
Short higher education (less than 3 years)
32
3
52
5
38
4
7
1
4
0
2
0
7
1
Medium-length higher education (34 years)
43
4
75
7
72
7
8
1
8
1
4
0
4
0
Longer higher education (over 4 years)
35
3
71
7
39
4
11
1
6
1
3
0
5
0
PhD
3
0
8
1
4
0
1
0
 
 
1
0
 
 
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Always
7
1
2
0
2
0
 
 
2
0
2
0
1
0
Often
3
0
8
1
4
0
2
0
1
0
 
 
3
0
Sometimes
10
1
22
2
20
2
5
0
 
 
3
0
3
0
Rarely
43
4
72
7
60
6
15
1
4
0
1
0
9
1
Never
149
15
264
26
184
18
27
3
17
2
12
1
17
2
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services
3
0
2
0
1
0
1
0
2
0
14
1
3
0
Don't know/do not remember
1
0
3
0
2
0
2
0
 
 
1
0
6
1
N = 1015
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Cross tables – Iceland

Table 10.1.d Access to my digital health data has helped me understand my health situation better. Icelandic answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, and need for assistance when using digital health services.
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
18–29 years
40
4
79
8
54
5
21
2
4
0
9
1
8
1
30–39 years
20
2
65
6
62
6
22
2
8
1
10
1
8
1
40–49 years
20
2
54
5
57
6
19
2
9
1
3
0
9
1
50–59 years
17
2
38
4
61
6
13
1
9
1
7
1
11
1
60–69 years
16
2
42
4
57
6
10
1
6
1
3
0
7
1
70 years or more
21
2
35
3
44
4
5
0
2
0
14
1
14
1
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
71
7
150
15
169
17
57
6
19
2
31
3
28
3
Male
62
6
160
16
163
16
33
3
18
2
15
1
28
3
Non-binary
1
0
3
0
2
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
0
Do not wish to share that information
 
 
 
 
1
0
 
 
1
0
 
 
 
 
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Primary school
14
1
27
3
25
2
9
1
5
0
9
1
6
1
Youth education
6
1
19
2
17
2
3
0
2
0
4
0
6
1
Vocational education
5
0
19
2
12
1
4
0
2
0
4
0
3
0
Master’s degree in industrial industry
3
0
14
1
24
2
2
0
2
0
5
0
2
0
Matriculation exam
20
2
47
5
44
4
14
1
2
0
3
0
9
1
Secondary education, other than Matriculation exam
13
1
23
2
34
3
6
1
5
0
2
0
11
1
Secondary education, technical school examination
9
1
9
1
8
1
4
0
1
0
1
0
5
0
Bachelor’s degree (BSc)
28
3
86
8
85
8
25
2
10
1
12
1
7
1
Master’s degree, MSc
32
3
67
7
84
8
22
2
8
1
4
0
7
1
PhD
4
0
2
0
2
0
1
0
1
0
2
0
1
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Always
2
0
1
0
1
0
 
 
2
0
2
0
 
 
Often
1
0
4
0
8
1
2
0
 
 
 
 
2
0
Sometimes
4
0
17
2
11
1
8
1
4
0
1
0
5
0
Rarely
12
1
43
4
41
4
10
1
2
0
4
0
9
1
Never
113
11
244
24
269
27
67
7
28
3
31
3
34
3
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services
2
0
3
0
4
0
3
0
2
0
6
1
5
0
Don't know/do not remember
 
 
1
0
1
0
 
 
 
 
2
0
2
0
N = 1013
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Cross tables – Norway

Table 10.1.e Access to my digital health data has helped me understand my health situation better. Norwegian answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, and need for assistance when using digital health services.
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
18–29 years
23
2
56
6
74
7
13
1
7
1
11
1
20
2
30–39 years
20
2
38
4
84
8
6
1
11
1
4
0
11
1
40–49 years
12
1
40
4
65
6
11
1
14
1
15
1
12
1
50–59 years
11
1
41
4
71
7
14
1
20
2
10
1
9
1
60–69 years
18
2
30
3
52
5
13
1
16
2
6
1
10
1
70 years or more
13
1
29
3
67
7
11
1
11
1
7
1
10
1
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
42
4
120
12
204
20
39
4
43
4
29
3
30
3
Male
55
5
112
11
207
20
29
3
36
4
24
2
42
4
Non-binary
 
 
 
 
2
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Do not wish to share that information
 
 
2
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Primary school
5
0
15
1
11
1
1
0
3
0
2
0
8
1
Secondary education (Matriculation exam etc.)
14
1
27
3
45
4
12
1
11
1
10
1
10
1
Upper secondary school - vocational subjects
13
1
20
2
42
4
6
1
15
1
4
0
13
1
Vocational training (skilled worker, craftsman)
13
1
32
3
67
7
7
1
10
1
9
1
7
1
Medium-length higher education (34 years)
28
3
74
7
132
13
23
2
16
2
12
1
20
2
Longer higher education (over 4 years)
23
2
61
6
113
11
17
2
23
2
14
1
14
1
PhD
1
0
5
0
3
0
2
0
1
0
2
0
 
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Always
1
0
 
 
2
0
 
 
4
0
 
 
1
0
Often
1
0
 
 
3
0
1
0
 
 
1
0
1
0
Sometimes
3
0
11
1
23
2
7
1
14
1
4
0
6
1
Rarely
10
1
34
3
74
7
11
1
14
1
9
1
19
2
Never
80
8
188
19
305
30
47
5
45
4
37
4
41
4
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services
2
0
1
0
5
0
1
0
2
0
2
0
3
0
Don't know/do not remember
 
 
 
 
1
0
1
0
 
 
 
 
1
0
N = 1016
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Cross tables – Sweden

Table 10.1.f Access to my digital health data has helped me understand my health situation better. Swedish answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, and need for assistance when using digital health services.
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
18–29 years
39
4
65
6
52
5
13
1
11
1
7
1
12
1
30–39 years
34
3
58
6
40
4
15
1
10
1
6
1
7
1
40–49 years
17
2
49
5
48
5
8
1
15
1
9
1
20
2
50–59 years
20
2
42
4
47
5
16
2
12
1
13
1
12
1
60–69 years
20
2
31
3
49
5
4
0
19
2
12
1
13
1
70 years or more
26
3
42
4
57
6
10
1
13
1
14
1
10
1
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
79
8
145
14
145
14
37
4
44
4
29
3
26
3
Male
76
7
140
14
145
14
27
3
35
3
32
3
48
5
Non-binary
 
 
1
0
2
0
1
0
1
0
 
 
 
 
Do not wish to share that information
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Elementary school
7
1
16
2
23
2
5
0
7
1
7
1
13
1
Secondary school
72
7
124
12
137
13
26
3
37
4
23
2
30
3
University/College
74
7
144
14
128
13
34
3
36
4
29
3
30
3
PhD
3
0
3
0
5
0
1
0
 
0
2
0
1
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Always
1
0
1
0
2
0
 
 
 
 
1
0
 
 
Often
1
0
10
1
5
0
4
0
1
0
1
0
3
0
Sometimes
12
1
14
1
15
1
6
1
4
0
2
0
6
1
Rarely
17
2
44
4
46
5
10
1
12
1
2
0
15
1
Never
125
12
216
21
222
22
45
4
59
6
46
5
45
4
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services
 
 
2
0
1
0
1
0
2
0
8
1
2
0
Don't know/do not remember
 
 
 
 
2
0
 
 
2
0
1
0
3
0
N = 1017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

10.2  Effect on health management

In question 18, the citizens are asked whether access to their digital health data has helped them manage their health. The answers to question 18 are displayed in Table 10.2.a and Figure 10.2.a.
Table 10.2.a Access to my digital health data has helped me manage my health.
Denmark
Finland
Iceland
Norway
Sweden
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Strongly agree
143
14
149
15
99
10
90
9
116
11
Agree
240
24
292
29
264
26
208
20
244
24
Neutral
356
35
341
34
370
37
434
43
313
31
Disagree
85
8
90
9
124
12
68
7
104
10
Strongly disagree
97
10
52
5
54
5
91
9
100
10
Not applicable
46
5
36
4
50
5
66
6
67
7
Don't know
50
5
55
5
52
5
59
6
73
7
Total
1017
100
1015
100
1013
100
1016
100
1017
100
Figure 10.2.a Access to my digital health data has helped me manage my health.
Figure 10.2.a. shows that the following number of citizens agree or strongly agree that access to their digital health data has helped them manage their health: Denmark 38%, Finland 44%, Icelandic 36%, Norway 29%, and Sweden 35%. Hence, compared to learning effects (Figure 10.1.a), slightly fewer use their digital health data to manage their health.  However, the pattern from question 17 is repeated here in question 18, showing, that the Finns seem to make use of their health data most actively on an individual level.

Cross tables – Denmark

Table 10.2.b Access to my digital health data has helped me manage my health. Danish answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, and need for assistance when using digital health services.
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
18–29 years
40
4
40
4
45
4
16
2
28
3
4
0
7
1
30–39 years
17
2
35
3
49
5
18
2
16
2
8
1
8
1
40–49 years
20
2
39
4
67
7
14
1
16
2
6
1
10
1
50–59 years
16
2
45
4
65
6
17
2
11
1
9
1
7
1
60–69 years
21
2
32
3
57
6
14
1
14
1
9
1
6
1
70 years or more
29
3
49
5
73
7
6
1
12
1
10
1
12
1
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
58
6
110
11
202
20
46
5
50
5
21
2
25
2
Male
85
8
129
13
154
15
39
4
47
5
25
2
25
2
Do not wish to share that information
 
 
1
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Primary school
7
1
6
1
12
1
2
0
9
1
3
0
5
0
Secondary education (Matriculation exam etc.)
20
2
22
2
33
3
6
1
11
1
2
0
1
0
Vocational education
22
2
31
3
45
4
10
1
5
0
7
1
11
1
Short higher education (less than 3 years)
10
1
26
3
44
4
6
1
10
1
3
0
 
 
Medium-length higher education (34 years)
39
4
79
8
109
11
27
3
29
3
12
1
18
2
Longer higher education (over 4 years)
39
4
70
7
100
10
31
3
32
3
16
2
15
1
PhD
6
1
6
1
13
1
3
0
1
0
3
0
 
 
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Always
2
0
1
0
 
 
 
 
6
1
 
 
2
0
Often
3
0
1
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
 
 
 
 
Sometimes
3
0
12
1
16
2
3
0
4
0
 
 
1
0
Rarely
14
1
26
3
54
5
17
2
8
1
3
0
15
1
Never
119
12
200
20
283
28
63
6
73
7
36
4
31
3
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services
2
0
 
 
1
0
 
 
2
0
6
1
 
 
Don't know/do not remember
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2
0
1
0
1
0
N = 1017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Cross tables – Finland

Table 10.2.c Access to my digital health data has helped me manage my health. Finnish answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, and need for assistance when using digital health services.
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
18–29 years
35
3
50
5
53
5
17
2
11
1
6
1
12
1
30–39 years
15
1
48
5
66
7
17
2
4
0
3
0
7
1
40–49 years
20
2
42
4
45
4
17
2
11
1
4
0
12
1
50–59 years
22
2
57
6
61
6
15
1
6
1
5
0
7
1
60–69 years
22
2
44
4
62
6
14
1
12
1
5
0
8
1
70 years or more
35
3
51
5
54
5
10
1
8
1
13
1
9
1
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
67
7
146
14
169
17
51
5
28
3
16
2
32
3
Male
81
8
142
14
167
16
38
4
24
2
18
2
21
2
Non-binary
1
0
4
0
2
0
1
0
 
 
1
0
1
0
Do not wish to share that information
 
 
 
 
3
0
 
 
 
 
1
0
1
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Primary school
14
1
19
2
25
2
11
1
5
0
11
1
7
1
Secondary education (Matriculation exam etc.)
18
2
30
3
32
3
8
1
4
0
2
0
8
1
Vocational education
41
4
78
8
90
9
22
2
14
1
10
1
23
2
Short higher education (less than 3 years)
24
2
34
3
56
6
11
1
5
0
3
0
9
1
Medium-length higher education (34 years)
25
2
65
6
77
8
19
2
16
2
6
1
6
1
Longer higher education (over 4 years)
25
2
58
6
56
6
18
2
7
1
4
0
2
0
PhD
2
0
8
1
5
0
1
0
1
0
 
 
 
 
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Always
4
0
1
0
3
0
1
0
3
0
2
0
2
0
Often
4
0
6
1
5
0
 
 
2
0
1
0
3
0
Sometimes
6
1
15
1
21
2
13
1
1
0
3
0
4
0
Rarely
24
2
65
6
73
7
20
2
10
1
1
0
11
1
Never
108
11
199
20
236
23
52
5
33
3
13
1
29
3
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services
2
0
1
0
3
0
2
0
3
0
13
1
2
0
Don't know/do not remember
1
0
5
0
 
 
2
0
 
 
3
0
4
0
N = 1015
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Cross tables – Iceland

Table 10.2.d Access to my digital health data has helped me manage my health. Icelandic answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, and need for assistance when using digital health services.
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
18–29 years
30
3
65
6
64
6
30
3
7
1
9
1
10
1
30–39 years
18
2
41
4
73
7
28
3
10
1
12
1
13
1
40–49 years
13
1
51
5
57
6
24
2
13
1
4
0
9
1
50–59 years
14
1
32
3
70
7
14
1
12
1
7
1
7
1
60–69 years
13
1
38
4
53
5
20
2
8
1
6
1
3
0
70 years or more
11
1
37
4
53
5
8
1
4
0
12
1
10
1
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
56
6
127
13
191
19
70
7
23
2
28
3
30
3
Male
41
4
134
13
176
17
54
5
30
3
22
2
22
2
Non-binary
2
0
3
0
2
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Do not wish to share that information
 
 
 
 
1
0
 
 
1
0
 
 
 
 
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Primary school
9
1
22
2
29
3
9
1
9
1
9
1
8
1
Youth education
5
0
11
1
24
2
6
1
3
0
5
0
3
0
Vocational education
3
0
17
2
20
2
2
0
2
0
4
0
1
0
Master’s degree in industrial industry
2
0
15
1
19
2
8
1
2
0
5
0
1
0
Matriculation exam
15
1
35
3
53
5
21
2
3
0
3
0
9
1
Secondary education, other than Matriculation exam
8
1
25
2
39
4
7
1
4
0
4
0
7
1
Secondary education, technical school examination
6
1
9
1
6
1
7
1
3
0
3
0
3
0
Bachelor’s degree (BSc)
23
2
72
7
90
9
37
4
15
1
11
1
5
0
Master’s degree, MSc
26
3
55
5
86
8
27
3
12
1
5
0
13
1
PhD
2
0
3
0
4
0
 
0
1
0
1
0
2
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Always
 
 
1
0
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
0
1
0
Often
1
0
4
0
5
0
4
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
Sometimes
4
0
13
1
13
1
9
1
5
0
2
0
4
0
Rarely
9
1
33
3
50
5
13
1
4
0
5
0
7
1
Never
85
8
209
21
294
29
93
9
39
4
31
3
35
3
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services
 
 
3
0
6
1
4
0
3
0
6
1
3
0
Don't know/do not remember
 
 
1
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
4
0
1
0
N = 1013
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Cross tables – Norway

Table 10.2.e Access to my digital health data has helped me manage my health. Norwegian answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, and need for assistance when using digital health services.
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
18–29 years
21
2
49
5
80
8
11
1
16
2
12
1
15
1
30–39 years
19
2
37
4
78
8
10
1
10
1
10
1
10
1
40–49 years
17
2
34
3
69
7
8
1
12
1
17
2
12
1
50–59 years
9
1
31
3
81
8
14
1
21
2
14
1
6
1
60–69 years
12
1
27
3
57
6
16
2
18
2
9
1
6
1
70 years or more
12
1
30
3
69
7
9
1
14
1
4
0
10
1
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
38
4
102
10
213
21
42
4
50
5
31
3
31
3
Male
51
5
106
10
218
21
26
3
41
4
35
3
28
3
Non-binary
1
0
 
 
1
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Do not wish to share that information
 
 
 
 
2
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Primary school
6
1
9
1
16
2
2
0
4
0
4
0
4
0
Secondary education (Matriculation exam etc.)
9
1
23
2
52
5
12
1
11
1
12
1
10
1
Upper secondary school - vocational subjects
11
1
19
2
43
4
7
1
16
2
5
0
12
1
Vocational training (skilled worker, craftsman)
12
1
23
2
66
6
6
1
16
2
13
1
9
1
Medium-length higher education (34 years)
27
3
73
7
131
13
25
2
23
2
15
1
11
1
Longer higher education (over 4 years)
22
2
56
6
123
12
15
1
21
2
15
1
13
1
PhD
3
0
5
0
3
0
1
0
 
 
2
0
 
 
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Always
1
0
1
0
 
 
 
 
5
0
1
0
 
 
Often
 
 
1
0
3
0
 
 
1
0
1
0
1
0
Sometimes
1
0
13
1
26
3
5
0
14
1
4
0
5
0
Rarely
6
1
31
3
77
8
13
1
16
2
8
1
20
2
Never
81
8
160
16
323
32
49
5
51
5
50
5
29
3
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services
1
0
2
0
5
0
 
 
3
0
2
0
3
0
Don't know/do not remember
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
0
1
0
 
 
1
0
N = 1016
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Cross tables – Sweden

Table 10.2.f Access to my digital health data has helped me manage my health. Swedish answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, and need for assistance when using digital health services.
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
18–29 years
31
3
48
5
64
6
20
2
15
1
7
1
14
1
30–39 years
22
2
52
5
53
5
12
1
12
1
8
1
11
1
40–49 years
14
1
41
4
53
5
13
1
18
2
8
1
19
2
50–59 years
17
2
38
4
42
4
24
2
19
2
11
1
11
1
60–69 years
12
1
22
2
49
5
20
2
16
2
18
2
11
1
70 years or more
20
2
43
4
52
5
15
1
20
2
15
1
7
1
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
54
5
123
12
155
15
58
6
51
5
34
3
30
3
Male
61
6
120
12
156
15
44
4
47
5
33
3
42
4
Non-binary
 
 
 
 
2
0
1
0
2
0
 
 
 
 
Do not wish to share that information
1
0
1
0
 
 
1
0
 
 
 
 
1
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Elementary school
5
0
12
1
21
2
14
1
8
1
7
1
11
1
Secondary school
55
5
104
10
146
14
41
4
44
4
31
3
28
3
University/College
54
5
125
12
143
14
46
5
47
5
28
3
32
3
PhD
2
0
3
0
3
0
3
0
1
0
1
0
2
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Always
1
0
3
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
0
 
 
Often
4
0
5
0
4
0
4
0
5
0
 
 
3
0
Sometimes
7
1
18
2
17
2
6
1
4
0
 
 
7
1
Rarely
9
1
36
4
58
6
14
1
14
1
5
0
10
1
Never
95
9
181
18
232
23
76
7
74
7
52
5
48
5
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services
 
 
1
0
1
0
2
0
1
0
8
1
3
0
Don't know/do not remember
 
 
 
 
1
0
2
0
2
0
1
0
2
0
N = 1017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

10.3 Effect on treatment

In question 19 citizens are asked whether healthcare professionals to a higher degree should prescribe smartphone apps to complement traditional types of treatment. An overview of the answers is presented in Table 10.3.a and Figure 10.3.a.
Denmark
Finland
Iceland
Norway
Sweden
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Strongly agree
143
14
140
14
123
12
159
16
129
13
Agree
277
27
322
32
287
28
259
25
257
25
Neutral
232
23
238
23
322
32
304
30
248
24
Disagree
116
11
152
15
76
8
93
9
119
12
Strongly disagree
87
9
81
8
52
5
59
6
101
10
Don't know
162
16
82
8
153
15
142
14
163
16
Total
1017
100
1015
100
1013
100
1016
100
1017
100
Figure 10.3.a Healthcare professionals should to a higher degree prescribe smartphone apps to complement traditional types of treatment.
Figure 10.3.a reveals that 41% (Denmark), 46% (Finland), 40% (Iceland), 41% (Norway), and 38% (Sweden) Agree or Strongly agree, that healthcare professionals to a higher degree should prescribe apps to complement traditional types of treatment. Once again, the Finnish population scores the highest.  Interestingly, around 15% of the citizens in several of the countries replied Don’t know, which might be because the prescription of apps is a quite new option in clinical practice in the countries or not implemented at all.

Cross tables – Denmark

Table 10.3.b Healthcare professionals should to a higher degree prescribe smartphone apps to complement traditional types of treatment. Danish answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, region of residence, and need for assistance when using digital health services.
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
18–29 years
52
5
49
5
26
3
21
2
14
1
18
2
30–39 years
10
1
30
3
37
4
26
3
17
2
31
3
40–49 years
30
3
44
4
41
4
16
2
13
1
28
3
50–59 years
17
2
52
5
46
5
21
2
15
1
19
2
60–69 years
12
1
46
5
40
4
9
1
15
1
31
3
70 years or more
22
2
56
6
42
4
23
2
13
1
35
3
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
54
5
130
13
129
13
71
7
44
4
84
8
Male
89
9
147
14
103
10
45
4
42
4
78
8
Do not wish to share that information
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
0
 
 
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Primary school
10
1
12
1
7
1
4
0
6
1
5
0
Secondary education (Matriculation exam etc.)
22
2
31
3
17
2
12
1
6
1
7
1
Vocational education
21
2
39
4
22
2
18
2
10
1
21
2
Short higher education (less than 3 years)
14
1
26
3
29
3
10
1
7
1
13
1
Medium-length higher education (34 years)
36
4
82
8
80
8
32
3
22
2
61
6
Longer higher education (over 4 years)
35
3
81
8
68
7
35
3
35
3
49
5
PhD
5
0
6
1
9
1
5
0
1
0
6
1
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Region of Residence
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Region Hovedstaden
33
3
66
6
86
8
39
4
32
3
68
7
Region Midtjylland
35
3
74
7
47
5
26
3
20
2
33
3
Region Nordjylland
17
2
38
4
19
2
11
1
7
1
9
1
Region Sjælland
18
2
44
4
34
3
14
1
13
1
20
2
Region Syddanmark
40
4
55
5
46
5
26
3
15
1
32
3
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Always
3
0
1
0
2
0
1
0
2
0
2
0
Often
4
0
3
0
 
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
Sometimes
3
0
11
1
13
1
4
0
3
0
5
0
Rarely
8
1
33
3
37
4
21
2
11
1
27
3
Never
124
12
227
22
177
17
87
9
67
7
123
12
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services
1
0
1
0
2
0
2
0
3
0
2
0
Don't know/do not remember
 
 
1
0
1
0
 
 
 
 
2
0
N = 1017
 
 
 
 
 

Cross tables – Finland

Table 10.3.c Healthcare professionals should to a higher degree prescribe smartphone apps to complement traditional types of treatment. Finnish answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, region of residence, and need for assistance when using digital health services.
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
18–29 years
25
2
61
6
45
4
22
2
8
1
23
2
30–39 years
20
2
59
6
40
4
22
2
12
1
7
1
40–49 years
20
2
44
4
47
5
17
2
10
1
13
1
50–59 years
22
2
58
6
34
3
30
3
18
2
11
1
60–69 years
20
2
46
5
41
4
33
3
13
1
14
1
70 years or more
33
3
54
5
31
3
28
3
20
2
14
1
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
65
6
156
15
121
12
81
8
43
4
43
4
Male
74
7
165
16
113
11
67
7
36
4
36
4
Non-binary
1
0
1
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
Do not wish to share that information
 
 
 
 
2
0
2
0
 
 
1
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Primary school
10
1
25
2
22
2
10
1
10
1
15
1
Secondary education (Matriculation exam etc.)
14
1
27
3
22
2
20
2
8
1
11
1
Vocational education
35
3
84
8
68
7
46
5
23
2
22
2
Short higher education (less than 3 years)
26
3
40
4
27
3
31
3
9
1
9
1
Medium-length higher education (34 years)
28
3
86
8
52
5
21
2
14
1
13
1
Longer higher education (over 4 years)
24
2
54
5
43
4
22
2
16
2
11
1
PhD
3
0
6
1
4
0
2
0
1
0
1
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Region of residence
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
South Karelia wellbeing services county
6
1
8
1
7
1
6
1
3
0
2
0
South Ostrobothnia wellbeing services county
4
0
14
1
12
1
1
0
3
0
4
0
South Savo wellbeing services county
3
0
7
1
4
0
4
0
1
0
3
0
City of Helsinki
14
1
48
5
31
3
25
2
6
1
11
1
East Uusimaa wellbeing services county
3
0
2
0
2
0
3
0
2
0
 
 
Kainuu wellbeing services county
3
0
3
0
5
0
 
 
1
0
 
 
Kanta-Häme wellbeing services county
7
1
9
1
6
1
9
1
2
0
3
0
Central Ostrobothnia wellbeing services county
1
0
3
0
4
0
 
 
 
 
1
0
Central Finland wellbeing services county
3
0
17
2
13
1
4
0
6
1
6
1
Central Uusimaa wellbeing services county
4
0
7
1
14
1
4
0
6
1
4
0
Kymenlaakso wellbeing services county
2
0
12
1
4
0
3
0
3
0
2
0
Lapland wellbeing services county
4
0
8
1
4
0
3
0
1
0
3
0
West Uusimaa wellbeing services county
10
1
18
2
22
2
12
1
6
1
5
0
Pirkanmaa wellbeing services county
16
2
29
3
17
2
13
1
8
1
6
1
Ostrobothnia wellbeing services county
2
0
7
1
5
0
3
0
1
0
2
0
North Karelia wellbeing services county
2
0
12
1
5
0
7
1
4
0
1
0
North Ostrobothnia wellbeing services county
12
1
28
3
22
2
12
1
3
0
5
0
North Savo wellbeing services county
12
1
23
2
11
1
10
1
5
0
5
0
Päijät-Häme wellbeing services county
4
0
10
1
6
1
3
0
5
0
2
0
Satakunta wellbeing services county
7
1
7
1
11
1
7
1
3
0
3
0
Vantaa and Kerava wellbeing services county
8
1
21
2
10
1
10
1
3
0
4
0
Southwest Finland wellbeing services county
13
1
29
3
23
2
13
1
9
1
10
1
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Always
3
0
3
0
4
0
1
0
4
0
1
0
Often
2
0
9
1
2
0
 
 
5
0
3
0
Sometimes
2
0
15
1
18
2
15
1
5
0
8
1
Rarely
23
2
66
7
54
5
39
4
14
1
8
1
Never
105
10
224
22
160
16
88
9
38
4
55
5
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services
3
0
3
0
 
 
4
0
13
1
3
0
Don't know/do not remember
2
0
2
0
 
 
5
0
2
0
4
0
N = 1015
 
 
 
 
 
 

Cross tables – Iceland

Table 10.3.d Healthcare professionals should to a higher degree prescribe smartphone apps to complement traditional types of treatment. Icelandic answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, region of residence, and need for assistance when using digital health services.
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
18–29 years
29
3
62
6
75
7
22
2
7
1
20
2
30–39 years
19
2
58
6
53
5
18
2
13
1
34
3
40–49 years
26
3
48
5
52
5
14
1
11
1
20
2
50–59 years
20
2
38
4
52
5
7
1
12
1
27
3
60–69 years
13
1
41
4
44
4
9
1
7
1
27
3
70 years or more
16
2
40
4
46
5
6
1
2
0
25
2
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
63
6
141
14
181
18
27
3
27
3
86
8
Male
59
6
143
14
138
14
49
5
25
2
65
6
Non-binary
1
0
2
0
3
0
 
 
 
 
1
0
Do not wish to share that information
 
 
1
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Primary school
7
1
31
3
25
2
9
1
9
1
14
1
Youth education
5
0
17
2
22
2
4
0
3
0
6
1
Vocational education
8
1
13
1
18
2
1
0
5
0
4
0
Master’s degree in industrial industry
4
0
12
1
18
2
7
1
3
0
8
1
Matriculation exam
17
2
34
3
45
4
13
1
9
1
21
2
Secondary education, other than Matriculation exam
11
1
25
2
34
3
4
0
4
0
16
2
Secondary education, technical school examination
5
0
9
1
9
1
4
0
5
0
5
0
Bachelor’s degree (BSc)
32
3
74
7
86
8
15
1
8
1
38
4
Master’s degree, MSc
34
3
68
7
62
6
19
2
5
0
36
4
PhD
 
 
4
0
3
0
 
 
1
0
5
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Region of residence
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Austurland
5
0
9
1
10
1
3
0
7
1
11
1
Höfuðborgars­væðið
82
8
192
19
212
21
50
5
24
2
88
9
Norðurland eystra
17
2
19
2
32
3
8
1
4
0
22
2
Norðurland vestra
 
 
5
0
9
1
1
0
1
0
2
0
Suðurland
6
1
29
3
20
2
6
1
3
0
10
1
Suðurnes (Previously Reykjanes)
3
0
17
2
22
2
4
0
7
1
13
1
Vestfirðir
2
0
6
1
5
0
2
0
 
 
3
0
Vesturland
8
1
10
1
12
1
2
0
6
1
4
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Always
 
 
2
0
1
0
 
 
1
0
4
0
Often
1
0
1
0
4
0
3
0
2
0
6
1
Sometimes
 
 
15
1
21
2
7
1
3
0
4
0
Rarely
11
1
36
4
40
4
7
1
7
1
20
2
Never
109
11
229
23
248
24
57
6
33
3
110
11
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services
2
0
4
0
7
1
2
0
5
0
5
0
Don't know/do not remember
 
 
 
 
1
0
 
 
1
0
4
0
N = 1013
 
 
 
 
 
 

Cross tables – Norway

Table 10.3.e Healthcare professionals should to a higher degree prescribe smartphone apps to complement traditional types of treatment. Norwegian answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, region of residence, and need for assistance when using digital health services.
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
18–29 years
36
4
57
6
57
6
21
2
3
0
30
3
30–39 years
31
3
57
6
47
5
12
1
9
1
18
2
40–49 years
29
3
43
4
57
6
9
1
8
1
23
2
50–59 years
27
3
36
4
60
6
17
2
10
1
26
3
60–69 years
20
2
35
3
39
4
17
2
13
1
21
2
70 years or more
16
2
31
3
44
4
17
2
16
2
24
2
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
68
7
132
13
162
16
46
5
30
3
69
7
Male
90
9
125
12
142
14
46
5
29
3
73
7
Non-binary
1
0
 
 
 
 
1
0
 
 
 
 
Do not wish to share that information
 
 
2
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Primary school
6
1
10
1
9
1
6
1
2
0
12
1
Secondary education (Matriculation exam etc.)
27
3
32
3
27
3
12
1
9
1
22
2
Upper secondary school - vocational subjects
23
2
21
2
33
3
8
1
10
1
18
2
Vocational training (skilled worker, craftsman)
17
2
41
4
48
5
11
1
6
1
22
2
Medium-length higher education (34 years)
45
4
80
8
98
10
30
3
18
2
34
3
Longer higher education (over 4 years)
41
4
70
7
86
8
23
2
14
1
31
3
PhD
 
 
5
0
3
0
3
0
 
 
3
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Region of residence
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Midt-Norge
16
2
37
4
48
5
11
1
10
1
22
2
Nord-Norge
13
1
23
2
22
2
13
1
3
0
16
2
Oslo
21
2
42
4
32
3
14
1
9
1
14
1
Sørlandet ink Telemark
20
2
21
2
24
2
3
0
5
0
15
1
Vestlandet
33
3
44
4
61
6
19
2
7
1
40
4
Østlandet
56
6
92
9
117
12
33
3
25
2
35
3
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Always
1
0
 
 
2
0
1
0
2
0
2
0
Often
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
 
 
3
0
Sometimes
11
1
13
1
16
2
5
0
14
1
9
1
Rarely
24
2
33
3
51
5
25
2
8
1
30
3
Never
120
12
209
21
229
23
59
6
34
3
92
9
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services
2
0
1
0
5
0
2
0
1
0
5
0
Don't know/do not remember
 
 
2
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
0
N = 1016
 
 
 
 
 
 

Cross tables – Sweden

Table 10.3.f Healthcare professionals should to a higher degree prescribe smartphone apps to complement traditional types of treatment. Swedish answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, region of residence, and need for assistance when using digital health services.
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
18–29 years
32
3
58
6
54
5
18
2
11
1
26
3
30–39 years
27
3
64
6
38
4
9
1
9
1
23
2
40–49 years
22
2
48
5
35
3
23
2
10
1
28
3
50–59 years
24
2
32
3
37
4
18
2
17
2
34
3
60–69 years
10
1
30
3
43
4
18
2
23
2
24
2
70 years or more
14
1
25
2
41
4
33
3
31
3
28
3
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
62
6
138
14
109
11
65
6
46
5
85
8
Male
66
6
118
12
135
13
52
5
54
5
78
8
Non-binary
1
0
 
 
2
0
1
0
1
0
 
 
Do not wish to share that information
 
 
1
0
2
0
1
0
 
 
 
 
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Elementary school
10
1
10
1
15
1
11
1
12
1
20
2
Secondary school
59
6
127
12
117
12
46
5
36
4
64
6
University/​College
59
6
115
11
112
11
61
6
52
5
76
7
PhD
1
0
5
0
4
0
1
0
1
0
3
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Region of residence
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Blekinge
3
0
6
1
5
0
1
0
3
0
2
0
Dalarna
2
0
6
1
4
0
2
0
1
0
4
0
Gavleborg
1
0
7
1
11
1
1
0
3
0
1
0
Gotland
 
 
3
0
5
0
2
0
 
 
1
0
Halland
3
0
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
9
1
Jamtland
4
0
5
0
6
1
2
0
2
0
1
0
Jonkoping
 
 
9
1
10
1
3
0
3
0
3
0
Kalmar
3
0
10
1
5
0
2
0
 
 
4
0
Kronoberg
1
0
2
0
4
0
2
0
 
 
5
0
Norrbotten
1
0
10
1
3
0
7
1
2
0
3
0
Orebro
2
0
8
1
6
1
4
0
2
0
5
0
Ostergotland
7
1
12
1
15
1
4
0
5
0
8
1
Skane
13
1
27
3
44
4
21
2
9
1
18
2
Sodermanland
6
1
4
0
11
1
2
0
5
0
3
0
Stockholm
28
3
57
6
47
5
21
2
31
3
38
4
Uppsala
6
1
9
1
7
1
6
1
1
0
6
1
Varmland
7
1
14
1
11
1
2
0
4
0
9
1
Vasterbotten
2
0
8
1
5
0
2
0
3
0
7
1
Vasternorrland
1
0
6
1
4
0
3
0
2
0
6
1
Vastmanland
4
0
10
1
5
0
4
0
 
 
4
0
Vastra Gotaland
35
3
38
4
34
3
22
2
19
2
26
3
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Always
2
0
1
0
1
0
 
 
1
0
 
 
Often
5
0
9
1
3
0
1
0
4
0
3
0
Sometimes
8
1
16
2
13
1
7
1
4
0
11
1
Rarely
18
2
37
4
44
4
20
2
14
1
13
1
Never
95
9
192
19
184
18
89
9
70
7
128
13
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services
 
 
1
0
2
0
1
0
7
1
5
0
Don't know/do not remember
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
3
0
N = 1017
 
 
 
 
 

10.4 Effect on accessibility

In the next question, citizens are asked if the digitalization of healthcare services makes it easier for them to get in touch with their healthcare provider. Table 10.4.a and Figure 10.4.a. displays the participants’ responses to question 20.
Table 10.4.a The digitalization of healthcare services makes it easier for me to get in touch with my healthcare provider.
Denmark
Finland
Iceland
Norway
Sweden
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Strongly agree
246
24
280
28
230
23
269
26
262
26
Agree
335
33
364
36
431
43
335
33
335
33
Neutral
182
18
155
15
164
16
204
20
165
16
Disagree
94
9
86
8
64
6
78
8
91
9
Strongly disagree
83
8
75
7
37
4
82
8
96
9
Not applicable
24
2
15
1
15
1
14
1
18
2
Don't know
53
5
40
4
72
7
34
3
50
5
Total
1017
100
1015
100
1013
100
1016
100
1017
100
Figure 10.4.a The digitalization of healthcare services makes it easier for me to get in touch with my healthcare provider.
As shown in Figure 10.4.a., the majority of citizens believe that the digitalization of healthcare services improves accessibility; accordingly, 57% (Denmark), 64% (Finland), 66% (Iceland), 59% (Norway), and 59% (Sweden) answered Agree or Strongly agree. A consequence of the digitalization of healthcare services that, based on the numbers, seems to be especially appreciated in Iceland and Finland.

Cross tables – Denmark

Table 10.4.b The digitalization of healthcare services makes it easier for me to get in touch with my healthcare provider. Danish answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, region of residence, and need for assistance when using digital health services.
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
18–29 years
80
8
44
4
17
2
14
1
15
1
4
0
6
1
30–39 years
31
3
54
5
29
3
13
1
10
1
1
0
13
1
40–49 years
41
4
61
6
30
3
13
1
14
1
2
0
11
1
50–59 years
28
3
58
6
41
4
20
2
11
1
5
0
7
1
60–69 years
27
3
50
5
30
3
17
2
18
2
7
1
4
0
70 years or more
39
4
68
7
35
3
17
2
15
1
5
0
12
1
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
101
10
179
18
96
9
57
6
42
4
13
1
24
2
Male
145
14
155
15
86
8
37
4
41
4
11
1
29
3
Do not wish to share that information
 
 
1
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Primary school
14
1
9
1
9
1
3
0
5
0
2
0
2
0
Secondary education (Matriculation exam etc.)
36
4
32
3
10
1
6
1
5
0
1
0
5
0
Vocational education
23
2
48
5
31
3
9
1
7
1
5
0
8
1
Short higher education (less than 3 years)
24
2
28
3
17
2
13
1
10
1
1
0
6
1
Medium-length higher education (34 years)
74
7
100
10
60
6
25
2
28
3
6
1
20
2
Longer higher education (over 4 years)
64
6
110
11
52
5
34
3
26
3
7
1
10
1
PhD
11
1
8
1
3
0
4
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Region of Residence
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Region Hovedstaden
78
8
93
9
66
6
39
4
23
2
9
1
16
2
Region Midtjylland
56
6
87
9
39
4
10
1
25
2
5
0
13
1
Region Nordjylland
30
3
27
3
18
2
8
1
11
1
3
0
4
0
Region Sjælland
37
4
49
5
26
3
14
1
11
1
2
0
4
0
Region Syddanmark
45
4
79
8
33
3
23
2
13
1
5
0
16
2
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Always
4
0
2
0
1
0
 
 
4
0
 
 
 
 
Often
5
0
1
0
 
 
3
0
 
 
 
 
1
0
Sometimes
3
0
11
1
10
1
5
0
6
1
 
 
4
0
Rarely
19
2
40
4
28
3
18
2
14
1
2
0
16
2
Never
215
21
279
27
143
14
67
7
55
5
17
2
29
3
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services
 
 
2
0
 
 
 
 
4
0
5
0
 
 
Don't know/do not remember
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
0
 
 
 
 
3
0
N = 1017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Cross tables – Finland

Table 10.4.c The digitalization of healthcare services makes it easier for me to get in touch with my healthcare provider. Finnish answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, region of residence, and need for assistance when using digital health services.
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
18–29 years
68
7
68
7
21
2
12
1
3
0
3
0
9
1
30–39 years
46
5
62
6
21
2
17
2
6
1
 
 
8
1
40–49 years
48
5
49
5
22
2
14
1
11
1
1
0
6
1
50–59 years
45
4
69
7
29
3
11
1
14
1
1
0
4
0
60–69 years
34
3
54
5
38
4
14
1
20
2
2
0
5
0
70 years or more
39
4
62
6
24
2
18
2
21
2
8
1
8
1
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
148
15
191
19
60
6
41
4
39
4
7
1
23
2
Male
128
13
169
17
91
9
44
4
35
3
7
1
17
2
Non-binary
3
0
3
0
2
0
1
0
1
0
 
 
 
 
Do not wish to share that information
1
0
1
0
2
0
 
 
 
 
1
0
 
 
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Primary school
17
2
28
3
11
1
12
1
9
1
9
1
6
1
Secondary education (Matriculation exam etc.)
30
3
41
4
13
1
8
1
5
0
1
0
4
0
Vocational education
68
7
100
10
46
5
27
3
19
2
1
0
17
2
Short higher education (less than 3 years)
37
4
45
4
28
3
14
1
14
1
1
0
3
0
Medium-length higher education (34 years)
50
5
61
6
25
2
16
2
14
1
 
 
4
0
Longer higher education (over 4 years)
72
7
82
8
30
3
8
1
13
1
3
0
6
1
PhD
6
1
7
1
2
0
1
0
1
0
 
 
 
 
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Region of Residence
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
South Karelia wellbeing services county
10
1
9
1
7
1
3
0
2
0
 
 
1
0
South Ostrobothnia wellbeing services county
10
1
15
1
4
0
3
0
3
0
 
 
3
0
South Savo wellbeing services county
3
0
10
1
4
0
1
0
3
0
 
 
1
0
City of Helsinki
45
4
47
5
13
1
12
1
7
1
4
0
7
1
East Uusimaa wellbeing services county
3
0
2
0
4
0
1
0
2
0
 
 
 
 
Kainuu wellbeing services county
4
0
7
1
 
 
 
 
1
0
 
 
 
 
Kanta-Häme wellbeing services county
8
1
13
1
5
0
4
0
5
0
 
 
1
0
Central Ostrobothnia wellbeing services county
4
0
4
0
1
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Central Finland wellbeing services county
8
1
19
2
7
1
8
1
4
0
1
0
2
0
Central Uusimaa wellbeing services county
5
0
13
1
10
1
2
0
5
0
1
0
3
0
Kymenlaakso wellbeing services county
8
1
7
1
6
1
1
0
4
0
 
 
 
 
Lapland wellbeing services county
4
0
7
1
4
0
1
0
4
0
1
0
2
0
West Uusimaa wellbeing services county
26
3
23
2
14
1
7
1
2
0
 
 
1
0
Pirkanmaa wellbeing services county
32
3
31
3
14
1
6
1
3
0
1
0
2
0
Ostrobothnia wellbeing services county
4
0
9
1
2
0
3
0
1
0
 
 
1
0
North Karelia wellbeing services county
4
0
11
1
11
1
1
0
4
0
 
 
 
 
North Ostrobothnia wellbeing services county
30
3
23
2
11
1
10
1
3
0
2
0
3
0
North Savo wellbeing services county
14
1
27
3
10
1
6
1
4
0
2
0
3
0
Päijät-Häme wellbeing services county
10
1
11
1
4
0
1
0
4
0
 
 
 
 
Satakunta wellbeing services county
7
1
21
2
3
0
3
0
2
0
 
 
2
0
Vantaa and Kerava wellbeing services county
18
2
20
2
6
1
6
1
2
0
1
0
3
0
Southwest Finland wellbeing services county
23
2
35
3
15
1
7
1
10
1
2
0
5
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Always
5
0
3
0
2
0
 
 
5
0
 
 
1
0
Often
4
0
8
1
1
0
3
0
4
0
 
 
1
0
Sometimes
9
1
22
2
12
1
8
1
7
1
1
0
4
0
Rarely
39
4
80
8
41
4
24
2
14
1
1
0
5
0
Never
217
21
248
24
97
10
48
5
38
4
2
0
20
2
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services
4
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
6
1
9
1
4
0
Don't know/do not remember
2
0
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
0
2
0
5
0
N = 1015
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Cross tables – Iceland

Table 10.4.d The digitalization of healthcare services makes it easier for me to get in touch with my healthcare provider. Icelandic answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, region of residence, and need for assistance when using digital health services.
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
18–29 years
68
7
94
9
26
3
12
1
5
0
5
0
5
0
30–39 years
44
4
89
9
27
3
16
2
9
1
1
0
9
1
40–49 years
44
4
63
6
27
3
12
1
11
1
2
0
12
1
50–59 years
34
3
66
7
26
3
8
1
5
0
3
0
14
1
60–69 years
23
2
59
6
29
3
11
1
5
0
1
0
13
1
70 years or more
17
2
60
6
29
3
5
0
2
0
3
0
19
2
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
130
13
214
21
85
8
34
3
20
2
6
1
36
4
Male
96
9
215
21
78
8
29
3
17
2
9
1
35
3
Non-binary
4
0
2
0
 
 
1
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
Do not wish to share that information
 
 
 
 
1
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Primary school
18
2
31
3
17
2
8
1
6
1
5
0
10
1
Youth education
5
0
25
2
9
1
4
0
2
0
2
0
10
1
Vocational education
6
1
27
3
10
1
2
0
 
 
1
0
3
0
Master’s degree in industrial industry
7
1
21
2
11
1
5
0
1
0
2
0
5
0
Matriculation exam
33
3
61
6
22
2
8
1
6
1
1
0
8
1
Secondary education, other than Matriculation exam
20
2
35
3
21
2
5
0
5
0
1
0
7
1
Secondary education, technical school examination
10
1
15
1
6
1
1
0
3
0
 
 
2
0
Bachelor’s degree (BSc)
59
6
121
12
37
4
15
1
5
0
3
0
13
1
Master’s degree, MSc
66
7
91
9
31
3
16
2
8
1
 
 
12
1
PhD
6
1
4
0
 
 
 
 
1
0
 
 
2
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Region of Residence
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Austurland
9
1
14
1
6
1
4
0
3
0
3
0
6
1
Höfuðborgarsvæðið
166
16
282
28
100
10
37
4
22
2
5
0
36
4
Norðurland eystra
25
2
44
4
18
2
3
0
3
0
1
0
8
1
Norðurland vestra
1
0
10
1
4
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
3
0
Suðurland
15
1
30
3
14
1
11
1
 
 
 
 
4
0
Suðurnes (Previously Reykjanes)
6
1
28
3
10
1
8
1
5
0
3
0
6
1
Vestfirðir
2
0
9
1
5
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
2
0
Vesturland
6
1
14
1
7
1
1
0
4
0
3
0
7
1
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Always
1
0
2
0
 
 
 
 
3
0
 
 
2
0
Often
1
0
6
1
4
0
5
0
 
 
 
 
1
0
Sometimes
5
0
22
2
12
1
6
1
 
 
 
 
5
0
Rarely
22
2
52
5
23
2
8
1
4
0
2
0
10
1
Never
198
20
342
34
121
12
43
4
28
3
10
1
44
4
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services
3
0
6
1
3
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
7
1
Don't know/do not remember
 
 
1
0
1
0
 
 
 
 
1
0
3
0
N = 1013
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Cross tables – Norway

Table 10.4.e The digitalization of healthcare services makes it easier for me to get in touch with my healthcare provider. Norwegian answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, region of residence, and need for assistance when using digital health services.
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
1829 years
64
6
72
7
36
4
14
1
8
1
1
0
9
1
3039 years
51
5
55
5
35
3
8
1
19
2
3
0
3
0
4049 years
42
4
65
6
29
3
11
1
10
1
6
1
6
1
5059 years
39
4
56
6
41
4
17
2
15
1
1
0
7
1
6069 years
41
4
43
4
28
3
12
1
18
2
1
0
2
0
70 years or more
32
3
44
4
35
3
16
2
12
1
2
0
7
1
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
125
12
173
17
98
10
49
5
43
4
7
1
12
1
Male
143
14
160
16
105
10
29
3
39
4
7
1
22
2
Non-binary
1
0
 
 
1
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Do not wish to share that information
 
 
2
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Primary school
10
1
12
1
14
1
4
0
3
0
1
0
1
0
Secondary education (Matriculation exam etc.)
32
3
47
5
17
2
13
1
7
1
1
0
12
1
Upper secondary school - vocational subjects
27
3
31
3
20
2
12
1
14
1
2
0
7
1
Vocational training (skilled worker, craftsman)
35
3
47
5
32
3
9
1
15
1
5
0
2
0
Medium-length higher education (34 years)
89
9
107
11
59
6
16
2
24
2
3
0
7
1
Longer higher education (over 4 years)
72
7
87
9
59
6
22
2
19
2
1
0
5
0
PhD
4
0
4
0
3
0
2
0
 
 
1
0
 
 
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Region of Residence
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Midt-Norge
31
3
37
4
34
3
13
1
17
2
5
0
7
1
Nord-Norge
21
2
28
3
23
2
4
0
7
1
2
0
5
0
Oslo
43
4
45
4
23
2
10
1
10
1
 
 
1
0
Sørlandet ink Telemark
27
3
26
3
17
2
9
1
4
0
2
0
3
0
Vestlandet
62
6
60
6
42
4
17
2
16
2
 
 
7
1
Østlandet
85
8
139
14
65
6
25
2
28
3
5
0
11
1
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Always
2
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
3
0
 
 
 
 
Often
2
0
1
0
2
0
 
 
 
 
1
0
1
0
Sometimes
10
1
12
1
15
1
9
1
19
2
1
0
2
0
Rarely
27
3
58
6
44
4
13
1
17
2
1
0
11
1
Never
228
22
260
26
137
13
53
5
42
4
7
1
16
2
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services
 
 
2
0
4
0
1
0
1
0
4
0
4
0
Don't know/do not remember
 
 
1
0
1
0
1
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
N = 1016
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Cross tables – Sweden

Table 10.4.f The digitalization of healthcare services makes it easier for me to get in touch with my healthcare provider. Swedish answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, region of residence, and need for assistance when using digital health services.
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
1829 years
71
7
67
7
30
3
12
1
9
1
3
0
7
1
3039 years
46
5
72
7
20
2
10
1
11
1
2
0
9
1
4049 years
42
4
52
5
29
3
16
2
15
1
1
0
11
1
5059 years
39
4
59
6
23
2
16
2
16
2
1
0
8
1
6069 years
29
3
43
4
27
3
17
2
17
2
8
1
7
1
70 years or more
35
3
42
4
36
4
20
2
28
3
3
0
8
1
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
139
14
177
17
73
7
48
5
46
5
7
1
15
1
Male
121
12
155
15
92
9
41
4
48
5
11
1
35
3
Non-binary
1
0
2
0
 
 
2
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
Do not wish to share that information
1
0
1
0
 
 
 
 
2
0
 
 
 
 
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Elementary school
15
1
26
3
6
1
7
1
12
1
5
0
7
1
Secondary school
112
11
146
14
77
8
40
4
43
4
7
1
24
2
University/College
132
13
158
16
80
8
43
4
38
4
6
1
18
2
PhD
3
0
5
0
2
0
1
0
3
0
 
 
1
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Region of residence
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Blekinge
5
0
6
1
5
0
1
0
2
0
1
0
 
 
Dalarna
8
1
4
0
3
0
2
0
2
0
 
 
 
 
Gavleborg
4
0
7
1
6
1
4
0
3
0
 
 
 
 
Gotland
3
0
3
0
2
0
2
0
 
 
 
 
1
0
Halland
8
1
11
1
5
0
4
0
6
1
 
 
2
0
Jamtland
6
1
5
0
2
0
2
0
4
0
 
 
1
0
Jonkoping
4
0
11
1
7
1
3
0
2
0
 
 
1
0
Kalmar
6
1
10
1
5
0
2
0
 
 
1
0
 
 
Kronoberg
6
1
5
0
1
0
1
0
 
 
1
0
 
 
Norrbotten
6
1
6
1
5
0
5
0
3
0
1
0
 
 
Orebro
8
1
13
1
1
0
2
0
3
0
 
 
 
 
Ostergotland
11
1
18
2
9
1
2
0
5
0
2
0
4
0
Skane
29
3
45
4
19
2
17
2
14
1
1
0
7
1
Sodermanland
10
1
8
1
4
0
3
0
3
0
1
0
2
0
Stockholm
61
6
72
7
30
3
26
3
19
2
6
1
8
1
Uppsala
7
1
16
2
6
1
3
0
2
0
 
 
1
0
Varmland
15
1
14
1
8
1
2
0
4
0
1
0
3
0
Vasterbotten
8
1
8
1
3
0
2
0
3
0
 
 
3
0
Vasternorrland
5
0
12
1
2
0
 
0
1
0
 
 
2
0
Vastmanland
9
1
3
0
6
1
2
0
5
0
 
 
2
0
Vastra Gotaland
43
4
58
6
36
4
6
1
15
1
3
0
13
1
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Always
2
0
1
0
 
 
 
 
2
0
 
 
 
 
Often
3
0
10
1
4
0
5
0
3
0
 
 
 
 
Sometimes
16
2
21
2
7
1
5
0
5
0
 
 
5
0
Rarely
20
2
61
6
32
3
13
1
10
1
1
0
9
1
Never
221
22
238
23
121
12
65
6
70
7
10
1
33
3
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services
 
 
2
0
 
 
2
0
4
0
6
1
2
0
Don't know/do not remember
 
 
2
0
1
0
1
0
2
0
1
0
1
0
N = 1017
 
 
 
 
 
 

10.5 Sharing of health data

In question 21 the citizens are asked to respond to the following statement: “I want it to be easier for healthcare professionals to share my digital health data across healthcare providers”. The citizens’ opinions are shown in Table 10.5.a and Figure 10.5.a.
Table 10.5.a I want it to be easier for healthcare professionals to share my digital health data across healthcare providers.
Denmark
Finland
Iceland
Norway
Sweden
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Strongly agree
370
36
308
30
331
33
386
38
551
54
Agree
328
32
375
37
407
40
320
31
238
23
Neutral
140
14
175
17
122
12
130
13
89
9
Disagree
43
4
45
4
38
4
50
5
25
2
Strongly disagree
43
4
31
3
24
2
45
4
20
2
Don't know
93
9
81
8
91
9
85
8
94
9
Total
1017
100
1015
100
1013
100
1016
100
1017
100
Figure 10.5.a I want it to be easier for healthcare professionals to share my digital health data across healthcare providers.
As seen in Figure 10.5.a, the majority of participants in all five Nordic countries agrees that it should be easier to share health data across healthcare providers. Hence, 69% (Denmark), 67% (Finland), 73% (Iceland), 69% (Norway), and 77% (Sweden) Agree or Strongly agree. On average, across the countries, around 3% Disagree or Strongly disagree.

Cross tables – Denmark

Table 10.5.b I want it to be easier for healthcare professionals to share my digital health data across healthcare providers. Danish answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, region of residence, and need for assistance when using digital health services.
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
1829 years
95
9
46
5
17
2
5
0
5
0
12
1
3039 years
49
5
47
5
28
3
6
1
7
1
14
1
4049 years
70
7
57
6
20
2
3
0
4
0
18
2
5059 years
53
5
51
5
25
2
12
1
14
1
15
1
6069 years
41
4
59
6
22
2
9
1
5
0
17
2
70 years or more
62
6
68
7
28
3
8
1
8
1
17
2
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
169
17
178
18
66
6
28
3
20
2
51
5
Male
201
20
149
15
74
7
15
1
23
2
42
4
Do not wish to share that information
 
 
1
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Primary school
21
2
10
1
6
1
2
0
 
 
5
0
Secondary education (Matriculation exam etc.)
47
5
26
3
8
1
4
0
5
0
5
0
Vocational education
47
5
42
4
23
2
2
0
2
0
15
1
Short higher education (less than 3 years)
39
4
30
3
7
1
7
1
5
0
11
1
Medium-length higher education (34 years)
112
11
100
10
46
5
13
1
12
1
30
3
Longer higher education (over 4 years)
96
9
109
11
42
4
15
1
19
2
22
2
PhD
8
1
11
1
8
1
 
 
 
 
5
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Region of Residence
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Region Hovedstaden
107
11
50
5
108
11
20
2
10
1
29
3
Region Midtjylland
97
10
30
3
70
7
7
1
11
1
20
2
Region Nordjylland
41
4
14
1
32
3
2
0
3
0
9
1
Region Sjælland
52
5
19
2
44
4
7
1
8
1
13
1
Region Syddanmark
73
7
27
3
74
7
7
1
11
1
22
2
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Always
7
1
2
0
 
 
1
0
 
 
1
0
Often
5
0
1
0
1
0
2
0
 
 
1
0
Sometimes
12
1
13
1
5
0
3
0
3
0
3
0
Rarely
29
3
56
6
18
2
10
1
6
1
18
2
Never
316
31
255
25
113
11
27
3
32
3
62
6
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services
1
0
 
 
3
0
 
 
2
0
5
0
Don't know/do not remember
 
 
1
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
3
0
N = 1017
 
 
 
 
 
 

Cross tables – Finland

Table 10.5.c I want it to be easier for healthcare professionals to share my digital health data across healthcare providers. Finnish answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, region of residence, and need for assistance when using digital health services.
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
18–29 years
53
5
59
6
40
4
9
1
6
1
17
2
30–39 years
44
4
69
7
28
3
5
0
5
0
9
1
40–49 years
52
5
52
5
25
2
5
0
5
0
12
1
50–59 years
44
4
63
6
29
3
10
1
9
1
18
2
60–69 years
56
6
62
6
31
3
5
0
3
0
10
1
70 years or more
59
6
70
7
22
2
11
1
3
0
15
1
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
151
15
186
18
81
8
28
3
13
1
50
5
Male
153
15
185
18
91
9
16
2
17
2
29
3
Non-binary
3
0
3
0
3
0
 
 
 
 
1
0
Do not wish to share that information
1
0
1
0
 
 
1
0
1
0
1
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Primary school
35
3
25
2
16
2
5
0
4
0
7
1
Secondary education (Matriculation exam etc.)
31
3
31
3
19
2
4
0
4
0
13
1
Vocational education
78
8
101
10
63
6
9
1
7
1
20
2
Short higher education (less than 3 years)
39
4
63
6
19
2
9
1
2
0
10
1
Medium-length higher education (34 years)
62
6
89
9
30
3
9
1
7
1
17
2
Longer higher education (over 4 years)
52
5
63
6
26
3
9
1
6
1
14
1
PhD
11
1
3
0
2
0
 
 
1
0
 
 
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Region of Residence
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
South Karelia wellbeing services county
12
1
12
1
5
0
3
0
 
 
 
 
South Ostrobothnia wellbeing services county
10
1
19
2
5
0
 
 
 
 
4
0
South Savo wellbeing services county
3
0
9
1
7
1
 
 
1
0
2
0
City of Helsinki
31
3
57
6
28
3
3
0
1
0
15
1
East Uusimaa wellbeing services county
2
0
4
0
1
0
2
0
1
0
2
0
Kainuu wellbeing services county
2
0
5
0
4
0
1
0
 
 
 
 
Kanta-Häme wellbeing services county
12
1
14
1
6
1
1
0
1
0
2
0
Central Ostrobothnia wellbeing services county
2
0
4
0
1
0
2
0
 
 
 
 
Central Finland wellbeing services county
12
1
21
2
5
0
 
 
3
0
8
1
Central Uusimaa wellbeing services county
12
1
9
1
9
1
3
0
2
0
4
0
Kymenlaakso wellbeing services county
8
1
9
1
4
0
2
0
1
0
2
0
Lapland wellbeing services county
8
1
7
1
2
0
2
0
1
0
3
0
West Uusimaa wellbeing services county
25
2
25
2
12
1
3
0
3
0
5
0
Pirkanmaa wellbeing services county
31
3
29
3
16
2
3
0
2
0
8
1
Ostrobothnia wellbeing services county
6
1
10
1
2
0
1
0
 
 
1
0
North Karelia wellbeing services county
6
1
9
1
8
1
4
0
3
0
1
0
North Ostrobothnia wellbeing services county
27
3
29
3
15
1
1
0
2
0
8
1
North Savo wellbeing services county
23
2
26
3
8
1
5
0
1
0
3
0
Päijät-Häme wellbeing services county
11
1
12
1
4
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
Satakunta wellbeing services county
13
1
14
1
6
1
3
0
1
0
1
0
Vantaa and Kerava wellbeing services county
22
2
18
2
6
1
1
0
3
0
6
1
Southwest Finland wellbeing services county
30
3
33
3
21
2
4
0
4
0
5
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Always
9
1
4
0
2
0
 
 
 
 
1
0
Often
5
0
11
1
1
0
2
0
1
0
1
0
Sometimes
15
1
21
2
17
2
3
0
2
0
5
0
Rarely
57
6
83
8
45
4
4
0
4
0
11
1
Never
209
21
246
24
108
11
32
3
21
2
54
5
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services
9
1
7
1
2
0
3
0
2
0
3
0
Don't know/do not remember
4
0
3
0
 
 
1
0
1
0
6
1
N = 1015
 
 
 
 
 
 

Cross tables – Iceland

Table 10.5.d I want it to be easier for healthcare professionals to share my digital health data across healthcare providers. Icelandic answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, region of residence, and need for assistance when using digital health services.
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
1829 years
75
7
74
7
25
2
12
1
5
0
24
2
3039 years
76
8
74
7
18
2
6
1
8
1
13
1
4049 years
59
6
66
7
23
2
5
0
5
0
13
1
5059 years
51
5
63
6
18
2
6
1
3
0
15
1
6069 years
33
3
70
7
19
2
6
1
3
0
10
1
70 years or more
37
4
60
6
19
2
3
0
 
16
2
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
178
18
196
19
60
6
23
2
14
1
54
5
Male
149
15
207
20
61
6
15
1
10
1
37
4
Non-binary
3
0
3
0
1
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
Do not wish to share that information
1
0
1
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Primary school
23
2
44
4
15
1
3
0
1
0
9
1
Youth education
9
1
31
3
8
1
2
0
1
0
6
1
Vocational education
22
2
16
2
5
0
2
0
 
 
4
0
Master’s degree in industrial industry
14
1
25
2
8
1
 
 
1
0
4
0
Matriculation exam
43
4
47
5
23
2
7
1
4
0
15
1
Secondary education, other than Matriculation exam
36
4
38
4
6
1
2
0
5
0
7
1
Secondary education, technical school examination
13
1
11
1
6
1
 
 
3
0
4
0
Bachelor’s degree (BSc)
88
9
101
10
29
3
6
1
5
0
24
2
Master’s degree, MSc
77
8
92
9
18
2
16
2
4
0
17
2
PhD
6
1
2
0
4
0
 
 
 
 
1
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Region of Residence
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Austurland
14
1
13
1
7
1
2
0
1
0
8
1
Höfuðborgarsvæðið
208
21
271
27
74
7
26
3
13
1
56
6
Norðurland eystra
39
4
37
4
12
1
2
0
3
0
9
1
Norðurland vestra
4
0
6
1
5
0
 
 
 
 
3
0
Suðurland
23
2
39
4
5
0
1
0
1
0
5
0
Suðurnes (Previously Reykjanes)
26
3
22
2
8
1
3
0
1
0
6
1
Vestfirðir
4
0
7
1
4
0
1
0
 
 
2
0
Vesturland
13
1
12
1
7
1
3
0
5
0
2
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Always
1
0
3
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
4
0
Often
6
1
6
1
2
0
 
 
1
0
2
0
Sometimes
11
1
23
2
9
1
3
0
 
 
4
0
Rarely
41
4
49
5
16
2
2
0
4
0
9
1
Never
265
26
314
31
90
9
32
3
17
2
68
7
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services
5
0
10
1
5
0
 
 
1
0
4
0
Don't know/do not remember
2
0
2
0
 
 
1
0
1
0
 
 
N = 1013
 
 
 
 
 
 

Cross tables – Norway

Table 10.5.e I want it to be easier for healthcare professionals to share my digital health data across healthcare providers. Norwegian answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, region of residence, and need for assistance when using digital health services.
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
18–29 years
71
7
61
6
35
3
11
1
5
0
21
2
30–39 years
69
7
65
6
17
2
7
1
5
0
11
1
40–49 years
59
6
56
6
23
2
8
1
5
0
18
2
50–59 years
62
6
61
6
21
2
10
1
11
1
11
1
60–69 years
61
6
36
4
15
1
9
1
12
1
12
1
70 years or more
64
6
41
4
19
2
5
0
7
1
12
1
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
183
18
163
16
70
7
26
3
19
2
46
5
Male
203
20
156
15
58
6
24
2
26
3
38
4
Non-binary
 
 
1
0
1
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
Do not wish to share that information
 
 
 
 
1
0
 
 
 
 
1
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Primary school
17
2
8
1
11
1
1
0
3
0
5
0
Secondary education (Matriculation exam etc.)
49
5
40
4
18
2
5
0
4
0
13
1
Upper secondary school - vocational subjects
34
3
33
3
14
1
6
1
11
1
15
1
Vocational training (skilled worker, craftsman)
47
5
53
5
19
2
13
1
4
0
9
1
Medium-length higher education (34 years)
123
12
95
9
41
4
11
1
12
1
23
2
Longer higher education (over 4 years)
115
11
82
8
26
3
14
1
10
1
18
2
PhD
1
0
9
1
1
0
 
 
1
0
2
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Region of residence
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Midt-Norge
66
6
37
4
8
1
9
1
7
1
17
2
Nord-Norge
30
3
25
2
17
2
4
0
4
0
10
1
Oslo
60
6
38
4
19
2
4
0
3
0
8
1
Sørlandet ink Telemark
28
3
34
3
6
1
4
0
4
0
12
1
Vestlandet
71
7
69
7
32
3
10
1
7
1
15
1
Østlandet
131
13
117
12
48
5
19
2
20
2
23
2
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Always
3
0
 
 
1
0
1
0
 
 
3
0
Often
2
0
2
0
1
0
1
0
 
 
1
0
Sometimes
20
2
16
2
11
1
6
1
7
1
8
1
Rarely
54
5
53
5
30
3
7
1
11
1
16
2
Never
302
30
246
24
83
8
34
3
25
2
53
5
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services
3
0
3
0
4
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
Don't know/do not remember
2
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
0
N = 1016
 
 
 
 
 
 

Cross tables – Sweden

Table 10.5.f I want it to be easier for healthcare professionals to share my digital health data across healthcare providers. Swedish answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, region of residence, and need for assistance when using digital health services.
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
18–29 years
100
10
49
5
26
3
4
0
4
0
16
2
30–39 years
100
10
40
4
12
1
3
0
3
0
12
1
40–49 years
85
8
37
4
14
1
8
1
2
0
20
2
50–59 years
84
8
42
4
10
1
5
0
4
0
17
2
60–69 years
77
8
39
4
13
1
2
0
4
0
13
1
70 years or more
105
10
31
3
14
1
3
0
3
0
16
2
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
269
26
120
12
41
4
14
1
11
1
50
5
Male
279
27
116
11
45
4
11
1
8
1
44
4
Non-binary
2
0
1
0
1
0
 
 
1
0
 
 
Do not wish to share that information
1
0
1
0
2
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Elementary school
38
4
15
1
8
1
3
0
1
0
13
1
Secondary school
254
25
99
10
45
4
8
1
7
1
36
4
University/College
252
25
120
12
34
3
14
1
12
1
43
4
PhD
7
1
4
0
2
0
 
 
 
 
2
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Region of residence
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Blekinge
11
1
4
0
2
0
 
 
 
 
3
0
Dalarna
10
1
5
0
2
0
 
 
1
0
1
0
Gavleborg
11
1
9
1
2
0
1
0
1
0
 
 
Gotland
5
0
3
0
2
0
 
 
 
 
1
0
Halland
27
3
4
0
 
 
 
 
2
0
3
0
Jamtland
9
1
5
0
2
0
3
0
1
0
 
 
Jonkoping
11
1
9
1
4
0
1
0
2
0
1
0
Kalmar
12
1
5
0
3
0
1
0
 
 
3
0
Kronoberg
8
1
 
 
1
0
 
 
 
 
5
0
Norrbotten
16
2
5
0
2
0
 
 
 
 
3
0
Orebro
18
2
5
0
2
0
1
0
 
 
1
0
Ostergotland
20
2
18
2
6
1
1
0
1
0
5
0
Skane
76
7
30
3
9
1
4
0
2
0
11
1
Sodermanland
14
1
9
1
3
0
 
 
1
0
4
0
Stockholm
123
12
44
4
25
2
4
0
5
0
21
2
Uppsala
16
2
11
1
2
0
4
0
 
 
2
0
Varmland
19
2
19
2
3
0
 
 
1
0
5
0
Vasterbotten
15
1
3
0
2
0
1
0
 
 
6
1
Vasternorrland
11
1
7
1
1
0
 
 
1
0
2
0
Vastmanland
15
1
6
1
6
1
 
 
 
 
 
 
Vastra Gotaland
104
10
37
4
10
1
4
0
2
0
17
2
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Always
2
0
2
0
 
 
1
0
 
 
 
 
Often
14
1
6
1
2
0
1
0
 
 
2
0
Sometimes
28
3
12
1
9
1
1
0
 
 
9
1
Rarely
73
7
50
5
13
1
1
0
2
0
7
1
Never
425
42
163
16
63
6
20
2
16
2
71
7
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services
6
1
3
0
 
 
1
0
2
0
4
0
Don't know/do not remember
3
0
2
0
2
0
 
 
 
 
1
0
N = 1017
 
 
 
 
 
 

10.6 The digital healthcare system is the solution to structural issues

Question 22 concerns how digitalization might have the potential to solve the structural issues that the healthcare sectors currently are facing. Answers to question 22 are shown in Table 10.6.a and Figure 10.6.a.
Table 10.6.a The digitalization of healthcare can help solve the structural issues we are facing (e.g. the lack of healthcare personnel, resources, etc.).
Denmark
Finland
Iceland
Norway
Sweden
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Strongly agree
170
17
242
24
246
24
203
20
262
26
Agree
250
25
381
38
439
43
290
29
288
28
Neutral
186
18
167
16
140
14
206
20
159
16
Disagree
140
14
93
9
49
5
102
10
87
9
Strongly disagree
99
10
41
4
24
2
66
6
66
6
Don't know
172
17
91
9
115
11
149
15
155
15
Total
1017
100
1015
100
1013
100
1016
100
1017
100
Figure 10.6.a The digitalization of healthcare can help solve the structural issues we are facing (e.g. the lack of healthcare personnel, resources, etc.).
Based on the numbers in Figure 10.5.a opinions on this matter vary between the countries. The following number of citizens Agree or Strongly agree that digitalization might be the solution to structural issues: Denmark (42%), Finland (62%), Iceland (68%), Norway (49%), and Sweden (54%). Consequently, there is a 26 percentage points difference between Denmark and Iceland when it comes to the citizens’ perspectives on the link between digitalization and structural issues.

Cross tables – Denmark

Table 10.6.b The digitalization of healthcare can help solve the structural issues we are facing (e.g. the lack of healthcare personnel, resources, etc.). Danish answers crossed with age, gender, and educational level.
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
18–29 years
49
5
52
5
21
2
15
1
20
2
23
2
30–39 years
21
2
32
3
24
2
25
2
18
2
31
3
40–49 years
34
3
42
4
31
3
24
2
17
2
24
2
50–59 years
20
2
38
4
39
4
27
3
18
2
28
3
60–69 years
20
2
38
4
30
3
26
3
11
1
28
3
70 years or more
26
3
48
5
41
4
23
2
15
1
38
4
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
59
6
114
11
103
10
78
8
52
5
106
10
Male
111
11
136
13
83
8
61
6
47
5
66
6
Do not wish to share that information
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
0
 
 
 
 
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Primary school
13
1
8
1
8
1
3
0
4
0
8
1
Secondary education (Matriculation exam etc.)
24
2
26
3
17
2
12
1
9
1
7
1
Vocational education
21
2
41
4
27
3
8
1
11
1
23
2
Short higher education (less than 3 years)
20
2
23
2
24
2
12
1
5
0
15
1
Medium-length higher education (34 years)
39
4
75
7
54
5
48
5
33
3
64
6
Longer higher education (over 4 years)
50
5
70
7
52
5
49
5
35
3
47
5
PhD
3
0
7
1
4
0
8
1
2
0
8
1
N = 1017
 
 
 
 
 
 

Cross tables – Finland

Table 10.6.c The digitalization of healthcare can help solve the structural issues we are facing (e.g. the lack of healthcare personnel, resources, etc.). Finnish answers crossed with age, gender, and educational level.
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
18–29 years
49
5
66
7
28
3
18
2
5
0
18
2
30–39 years
34
3
69
7
25
2
14
1
8
1
10
1
40–49 years
37
4
61
6
25
2
13
1
6
1
9
1
50–59 years
36
4
56
6
32
3
23
2
9
1
17
2
60–69 years
33
3
67
7
34
3
10
1
6
1
17
2
70 years or more
53
5
62
6
23
2
15
1
7
1
20
2
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
105
10
196
19
85
8
50
5
19
2
54
5
Male
133
13
182
18
81
8
40
4
20
2
35
3
Non-binary
3
0
2
0
1
0
3
0
1
0
 
 
Do not wish to share that information
1
0
1
0
 
 
 
 
1
0
2
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Primary school
24
2
30
3
15
1
5
0
4
0
14
1
Secondary education (Matriculation exam etc.)
30
3
36
4
13
1
7
1
3
0
13
1
Vocational education
47
5
106
10
63
6
32
3
9
1
21
2
Short higher education (less than 3 years)
35
3
40
4
25
2
18
2
7
1
17
2
Medium-length higher education (34 years)
52
5
98
10
23
2
19
2
7
1
15
1
Longer higher education (over 4 years)
49
5
63
6
27
3
12
1
9
1
10
1
PhD
5
0
8
1
1
0
 
 
2
0
1
0
N = 1015
 
 
 
 
 
 

Cross tables – Iceland

Table 10.6.d The digitalization of healthcare can help solve the structural issues we are facing (e.g. the lack of healthcare personnel, resources, etc.). Icelandic answers crossed with age, gender, and educational level.
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
18–29 years
49
5
97
10
23
2
12
1
2
0
49
3
30–39 years
52
5
84
8
21
2
9
1
7
1
52
2
40–49 years
42
4
67
7
28
3
11
1
9
1
42
1
50–59 years
44
4
62
6
20
2
11
1
3
0
44
2
60–69 years
30
3
67
7
20
2
5
0
3
0
30
2
70 years or more
29
3
62
6
28
3
1
0
 
29
1
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
115
11
224
22
78
8
32
3
9
1
115
7
Male
129
13
211
21
60
6
17
2
15
1
129
5
Non-binary
1
0
4
0
2
0
 
 
 
 
1
0
Do not wish to share that information
1
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Primary school
18
2
37
4
16
2
4
0
5
0
18
1
Youth education
5
0
31
3
13
1
 
 
1
0
5
1
Vocational education
14
1
21
2
7
1
3
0
 
 
14
0
Master’s degree in industrial industry
10
1
24
2
12
1
 
 
 
 
10
1
Matriculation exam
33
3
53
5
19
2
7
1
4
0
33
2
Secondary education, other than Matriculation exam
25
2
41
4
14
1
3
0
3
0
25
1
Secondary education, technical school examination
9
1
14
1
6
1
4
0
1
0
9
0
Bachelor’s degree (BSc)
69
7
109
11
27
3
10
1
6
1
69
3
Master’s degree, MSc
58
6
103
10
24
2
18
2
4
0
58
2
PhD
5
0
6
1
2
0
 
 
 
 
5
0
N = 1013
 
 
 
 
 
 

Cross tables – Norway

Table 10.6.e The digitalization of healthcare can help solve the structural issues we are facing (e.g. the lack of healthcare personnel, resources, etc.). Norwegian answers crossed with age, gender, and educational level.
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
18–29 years
45
4
63
6
35
3
16
2
7
1
38
4
30–39 years
32
3
57
6
38
4
21
2
8
1
18
2
40–49 years
28
3
47
5
35
3
16
2
17
2
26
3
50–59 years
33
3
44
4
42
4
14
1
20
2
23
2
60–69 years
30
3
37
4
25
2
21
2
11
1
21
2
70 years or more
35
3
42
4
31
3
14
1
3
0
23
2
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
83
8
152
15
102
10
58
6
29
3
83
8
Male
119
12
137
13
104
10
44
4
37
4
64
6
Non-binary
1
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
0
Do not wish to share that information
 
 
1
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Primary school
8
1
12
1
9
1
3
0
 
 
13
1
Secondary education (Matriculation exam etc.)
28
3
36
4
25
2
10
1
6
1
24
2
Upper secondary school - vocational subjects
18
2
32
3
23
2
10
1
10
1
20
2
Vocational training (skilled worker, craftsman)
25
2
45
4
25
2
11
1
12
1
27
3
Medium-length higher education (34 years)
62
6
84
8
68
7
34
3
22
2
35
3
Longer higher education (over 4 years)
61
6
75
7
53
5
32
3
16
2
28
3
PhD
1
0
6
1
3
0
2
0
 
 
2
0
N = 1016
 
 
 
 
 
 

Cross tables – Sweden

Table 10.6.f The digitalization of healthcare can help solve the structural issues we are facing (e.g. the lack of healthcare personnel, resources, etc.). Swedish answers crossed with age, gender, and educational level.
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
18–29 years
55
5
57
6
44
4
15
1
5
0
23
2
30–39 years
47
5
55
5
16
2
22
2
11
1
19
2
40–49 years
40
4
45
4
21
2
13
1
15
1
32
3
50–59 years
41
4
45
4
18
2
16
2
11
1
31
3
60–69 years
35
3
40
4
24
2
11
1
14
1
24
2
70 years or more
44
4
46
5
36
4
10
1
10
1
26
3
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
119
12
144
14
77
8
53
5
29
3
83
8
Male
141
14
140
14
81
8
33
3
37
4
71
7
Non-binary
1
0
2
0
1
0
1
0
 
 
 
 
Do not wish to share that information
1
0
2
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Elementary school
19
2
22
2
11
1
5
0
6
1
15
1
Secondary school
121
12
129
13
78
8
28
3
29
3
64
6
University/College
117
12
132
13
68
7
54
5
31
3
73
7
PhD
5
0
5
0
2
0
 
 
 
 
3
0
N = 1017
 
 
 
 
 
 

10.7 Effect on health inequity

In question 23 the citizens are asked whether the digitalization of healthcare creates a more equal healthcare system. Results are displayed in Table 10.7.a and Figure 10.7.a.
Table 10.7.a The digitalization of healthcare creates a more equal healthcare system.
Denmark
Finland
Iceland
Norway
Sweden
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Strongly agree
135
13
107
11
36
4
86
8
87
9
Agree
228
22
295
29
104
10
132
13
196
19
Neutral
206
20
237
23
234
23
298
29
238
23
Disagree
185
18
197
19
338
33
166
16
178
18
Strongly disagree
122
12
82
8
133
13
87
9
78
8
Don't know
141
14
97
10
168
17
247
24
240
24
Total
1017
100
1015
100
1013
100
1016
100
1017
100
Figure 10.7.a The digitalization of healthcare creates a more equal healthcare system.
Figure 10.7.a, is interesting due to the diverse distribution of answers. Hence, in Denmark 35% Agree or Strongly agree while 30% Disagree or Strongly disagree. The same numbers for the other four countries are as follows: Finland (40%/27%), Iceland (14%/46%), Norway (21%/25%), and Sweden (28%/26%). Hence, in three of the countries (Denmark, Norway and Sweden), the population is divided regarding the digitalization’s effect on health equity. In this context, the Finnish population are the ones who have most faith in the digital development’s potential to create a more equal healthcare system, whereas the Icelanders are at the other end of the spectrum, indicating a concern that the digitalization might increase inequities in healthcare.
Moreover, it is noticeable how many who replied Don’t know, 14% (Denmark), 10% (Finland), 17% (Iceland), 24% (Norway), and 24% (Sweden). Numbers indicating the complexity of this issue.

Cross tables – Denmark

Table 10.7.b The digitalization of healthcare creates a more equal healthcare system. Danish answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, and need for assistance when using digital health services.
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
18–29 years
23
2
27
3
28
3
45
4
40
4
17
2
30–39 years
15
1
34
3
30
3
31
3
11
1
30
3
40–49 years
15
1
36
4
34
3
46
5
21
2
20
2
50–59 years
20
2
40
4
37
4
29
3
18
2
26
3
60–69 years
24
2
43
4
30
3
20
2
15
1
21
2
70 years or more
38
4
48
5
47
5
14
1
17
2
27
3
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
78
8
120
12
102
10
89
9
41
4
82
8
Male
57
6
108
11
104
10
95
9
81
8
59
6
Do not wish to share that information
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
0
 
 
 
 
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Primary school
8
1
2
0
13
1
5
0
7
1
9
1
Secondary education (Matriculation exam etc.)
9
1
17
2
14
1
29
3
15
1
11
1
Vocational education
13
1
18
2
31
3
25
2
18
2
26
3
Short higher education (less than 3 years)
13
1
13
1
23
2
21
2
17
2
12
1
Medium-length higher education (34 years)
47
5
79
8
62
6
48
5
39
4
38
4
Longer higher education (over 4 years)
40
4
92
9
55
5
53
5
26
3
37
4
PhD
5
0
7
1
8
1
4
0
 
 
8
1
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Region of Residence
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Region Hovedstaden
54
5
84
8
56
6
61
6
34
3
35
3
Region Midtjylland
28
3
47
5
51
5
40
4
36
4
33
3
Region Nordjylland
12
1
24
2
26
3
13
1
13
1
13
1
Region Sjælland
16
2
29
3
34
3
27
3
16
2
21
2
Region Syddanmark
25
2
44
4
39
4
44
4
23
2
39
4
N = 1017
 
 
 
 
 
 

Cross tables – Finland

Table 10.7.c The digitalization of healthcare creates a more equal healthcare system. Finnish answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, and need for assistance when using digital health services.
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
18–29 years
13
1
42
4
46
5
42
4
10
1
31
3
30–39 years
11
1
48
5
43
4
34
3
11
1
13
1
40–49 years
11
1
54
5
30
3
25
2
17
2
14
1
50–59 years
18
2
57
6
36
4
27
3
17
2
18
2
60–69 years
23
2
47
5
44
4
37
4
10
1
6
1
70 years or more
31
3
47
5
38
4
32
3
17
2
15
1
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
57
6
161
16
123
12
89
9
18
2
61
6
Male
49
5
126
12
110
11
107
11
64
6
35
3
Non-binary
1
0
6
1
2
0
1
0
 
 
 
0
Do not wish to share that information
 
 
2
0
2
0
 
 
 
 
1
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Primary school
15
1
23
2
23
2
9
1
7
1
15
1
Secondary education (Matriculation exam etc.)
8
1
28
3
24
2
20
2
8
1
14
1
Vocational education
33
3
76
7
76
7
45
4
18
2
30
3
Short higher education (less than 3 years)
20
2
49
5
26
3
26
3
10
1
11
1
Medium-length higher education (34 years)
20
2
66
7
43
4
54
5
17
2
14
1
Longer higher education (over 4 years)
11
1
46
5
43
4
39
4
18
2
13
1
PhD
 
 
7
1
2
0
4
0
4
0
 
 
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Region of Residence
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
South Karelia wellbeing services county
7
1
9
1
7
1
2
0
6
1
1
0
South Ostrobothnia wellbeing services county
3
0
13
1
9
1
6
1
2
0
5
0
South Savo wellbeing services county
4
0
9
1
4
0
2
0
1
0
2
0
City of Helsinki
14
1
41
4
23
2
29
3
10
1
18
2
East Uusimaa wellbeing services county
2
0
2
0
5
0
2
0
1
0
 
 
Kainuu wellbeing services county
1
0
2
0
4
0
4
0
1
0
 
 
Kanta-Häme wellbeing services county
2
0
8
1
7
1
11
1
5
0
3
0
Central Ostrobothnia wellbeing services county
 
 
4
0
2
0
1
0
 
 
2
0
Central Finland wellbeing services county
5
0
19
2
12
1
6
1
2
0
5
0
Central Uusimaa wellbeing services county
5
0
11
1
10
1
5
0
5
0
3
0
Kymenlaakso wellbeing services county
4
0
8
1
6
1
5
0
2
0
1
0
Lapland wellbeing services county
1
0
9
1
6
1
3
0
3
0
1
0
West Uusimaa wellbeing services county
9
1
21
2
20
2
11
1
5
0
7
1
Pirkanmaa wellbeing services county
10
1
20
2
26
3
17
2
9
1
7
1
Ostrobothnia wellbeing services county
 
 
7
1
4
0
5
0
2
0
2
0
North Karelia wellbeing services county
4
0
8
1
7
1
7
1
3
0
2
0
North Ostrobothnia wellbeing services county
6
1
20
2
24
2
17
2
8
1
7
1
North Savo wellbeing services county
7
1
17
2
16
2
18
2
2
0
6
1
Päijät-Häme wellbeing services county
5
0
7
1
5
0
11
1
2
0
 
 
Satakunta wellbeing services county
5
0
10
1
8
1
9
1
1
0
5
0
Vantaa and Kerava wellbeing services county
5
0
19
2
11
1
10
1
5
0
6
1
Southwest Finland wellbeing services county
8
1
31
3
21
2
16
2
7
1
14
1
N = 1015
 
 
 
 
 
 

Cross tables – Iceland

Table 10.7.d The digitalization of healthcare creates a more equal healthcare system. Icelandic answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, and need for assistance when using digital health services.
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
18–29 years
10
1
20
2
58
6
66
7
15
1
46
5
30–39 years
8
1
30
3
23
2
67
7
35
3
32
3
40–49 years
6
1
15
1
32
3
66
7
30
3
22
2
50–59 years
5
0
13
1
46
5
51
5
21
2
20
2
60–69 years
2
0
12
1
37
4
46
5
18
2
26
3
70 years or more
5
0
14
1
38
4
42
4
14
1
22
2
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
20
2
61
6
128
13
167
16
48
5
101
10
Male
16
2
39
4
103
10
171
17
84
8
66
7
Non-binary
 
 
3
0
3
0
 
 
 
 
1
0
Do not wish to share that information
 
 
1
0
 
 
 
 
1
0
 
 
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Primary school
3
0
16
2
34
3
15
1
8
1
19
2
Youth education
 
 
4
0
20
2
12
1
4
0
17
2
Vocational education
1
0
3
0
14
1
19
2
5
0
7
1
Master’s degree in industrial industry
3
0
4
0
16
2
17
2
4
0
8
1
Matriculation exam
7
1
13
1
34
3
40
4
14
1
31
3
Secondary education, other than Matriculation exam
9
1
9
1
26
3
24
2
10
1
16
2
Secondary education, technical school examination
2
0
4
0
8
1
14
1
5
0
4
0
Bachelor’s degree (BSc)
5
0
21
2
42
4
102
10
35
3
48
5
Master’s degree, MSc
6
1
28
3
39
4
93
9
43
4
15
1
PhD
 
 
2
0
1
0
2
0
5
0
3
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Region of Residence
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Austurland
1
0
5
0
9
1
9
1
8
1
13
1
Höfuðborgarsvæðið
20
2
71
7
141
14
230
23
88
9
98
10
Norðurland eystra
8
1
6
1
23
2
34
3
12
1
19
2
Norðurland vestra
 
 
2
0
11
1
2
0
1
0
2
0
Suðurland
3
0
11
1
17
2
24
2
8
1
11
1
Suðurnes (Previously Reykjanes)
 
 
4
0
18
2
18
2
11
1
15
1
Vestfirðir
 
 
 
 
5
0
8
1
2
0
3
0
Vesturland
4
0
5
0
10
1
13
1
3
0
7
1
N = 1013
 
 
 
 
 
 

Cross tables – Norway

Table 10.7.e The digitalization of healthcare creates a more equal healthcare system. Norwegian answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, and need for assistance when using digital health services.
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
18–29 years
8
1
22
2
57
6
43
4
14
1
60
6
30–39 years
8
1
20
2
54
5
31
3
17
2
44
4
40–49 years
16
2
19
2
50
5
30
3
10
1
44
4
50–59 years
17
2
23
2
53
5
25
2
23
2
35
3
60–69 years
18
2
26
3
40
4
19
2
13
1
29
3
70 years or more
19
2
22
2
44
4
18
2
10
1
35
3
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
42
4
75
7
144
14
75
7
25
2
146
14
Male
44
4
56
6
153
15
91
9
62
6
99
10
Non-binary
 
 
1
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
0
Do not wish to share that information
 
 
 
 
1
0
 
 
 
 
1
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Primary school
2
0
4
0
12
1
6
1
5
0
16
2
Secondary education (Matriculation exam etc.)
11
1
10
1
35
3
22
2
10
1
41
4
Upper secondary school - vocational subjects
13
1
16
2
32
3
13
1
8
1
31
3
Vocational training (skilled worker, craftsman)
13
1
15
1
53
5
19
2
11
1
34
3
Medium-length higher education (34 years)
22
2
42
4
94
9
49
5
31
3
67
7
Longer higher education (over 4 years)
24
2
42
4
70
7
53
5
21
2
55
5
PhD
1
0
3
0
2
0
4
0
1
0
3
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Region of residence
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Midt-Norge
14
1
17
2
44
4
23
2
5
0
41
4
Nord-Norge
10
1
14
1
28
3
11
1
10
1
17
2
Oslo
13
1
23
2
34
3
22
2
13
1
27
3
Sørlandet ink Telemark
5
0
9
1
25
2
15
1
6
1
28
3
Vestlandet
13
1
26
3
54
5
33
3
16
2
62
6
Østlandet
31
3
43
4
113
11
62
6
37
4
72
7
N = 1016
 
 
 
 
 
 

Cross tables – Sweden

Table 10.7.f The digitalization of healthcare creates a more equal healthcare system. Swedish answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, and need for assistance when using digital health services.
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
18–29 years
11
1
34
3
52
5
37
4
23
2
42
4
30–39 years
11
1
32
3
45
4
33
3
12
1
37
4
40–49 years
14
1
40
4
31
3
25
2
10
1
46
5
50–59 years
16
2
29
3
31
3
30
3
13
1
43
4
60–69 years
16
2
26
3
34
3
26
3
11
1
35
3
70 years or more
19
2
35
3
45
4
27
3
9
1
37
4
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
47
5
109
11
113
11
75
7
28
3
133
13
Male
38
4
86
8
123
12
101
10
49
5
106
10
Non-binary
 
 
1
0
1
0
2
0
1
0
 
 
Do not wish to share that information
2
0
 
 
1
0
 
 
 
 
1
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Elementary school
8
1
5
0
21
2
12
1
5
0
27
3
Secondary school
33
3
84
8
123
12
70
7
33
3
106
10
University/College
45
4
105
10
92
9
90
9
39
4
104
10
PhD
1
0
2
0
2
0
6
1
1
0
3
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don't know
Region of residence
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Blekinge
1
0
4
0
3
0
5
0
2
0
5
0
Dalarna
1
0
3
0
5
0
2
0
1
0
7
1
Gavleborg
2
0
5
0
11
1
2
0
 
 
4
0
Gotland
 
 
 
 
2
0
3
0
 
 
6
1
Halland
 
 
5
0
9
1
6
1
4
0
12
1
Jamtland
3
0
4
0
3
0
3
0
2
0
5
0
Jonkoping
2
0
3
0
8
1
6
1
2
0
7
1
Kalmar
1
0
3
0
6
1
5
0
2
0
7
1
Kronoberg
 
 
1
0
3
0
3
0
1
0
6
1
Norrbotten
6
1
1
0
9
1
4
0
1
0
5
0
Orebro
2
0
7
1
5
0
5
0
4
0
4
0
Ostergotland
5
0
12
1
12
1
9
1
3
0
10
1
Skane
18
2
26
3
35
3
20
2
7
1
26
3
Sodermanland
2
0
7
1
6
1
9
1
2
0
5
0
Stockholm
23
2
43
4
43
4
38
4
18
2
57
6
Uppsala
 
 
9
1
11
1
6
1
2
0
7
1
Varmland
1
0
8
1
14
1
10
1
7
1
7
1
Vasterbotten
 
 
7
1
6
1
4
0
2
0
8
1
Vasternorrland
1
0
4
0
6
1
3
0
2
0
6
1
Vastmanland
3
0
6
1
7
1
2
0
2
0
7
1
Vastra Gotaland
16
2
38
4
34
3
33
3
14
1
39
4
N = 1017
 
 
 
 
 
 

10.8 Effect on quality

In question 24 citizens are asked whether the digitalization of healthcare has improved the quality of healthcare they receive. Answers are shown in Table 10.8.a and Figure 10.8.a.
Table 10.8.a The digitalization of healthcare has improved the quality of healthcare that I have received.
Denmark
Finland
Iceland
Norway
Sweden
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Strongly agree
123
12
112
11
128
13
108
11
127
12
Agree
228
22
277
27
424
42
225
22
233
23
Neutral
317
31
331
33
238
23
350
34
269
26
Disagree
81
8
130
13
70
7
94
9
104
10
Strongly disagree
69
7
63
6
27
3
66
6
70
7
Not applicable
42
4
24
2
42
4
46
5
42
4
Don't know
157
15
78
8
84
8
127
13
172
17
Total
1017
100
1015
100
1013
100
1016
100
1017
100
Figure 10.8.a The digitalization of healthcare has improved the quality of healthcare that I have received.
As seen in Figure 10.8.a, in four of the countries around a 1/3 of the population Agree or Strongly agree; Denmark (35%), Finland (38%), Norway (33%), and Sweden (35%). However, in Iceland 54% of the citizens Agree or Strongly agree.

Cross tables – Denmark

Table 10.8.b The digitalization of healthcare has improved the quality of healthcare that I have received. Danish answers crossed with age, gender, and educational level.
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
18–29 years
47
5
49
5
39
4
10
1
14
1
5
0
16
2
30–39 years
13
1
22
2
51
5
22
2
10
1
4
0
29
3
40–49 years
13
1
49
5
49
5
13
1
10
1
7
1
31
3
50–59 years
15
1
37
4
60
6
12
1
15
1
10
1
21
2
60–69 years
9
1
32
3
58
6
14
1
8
1
7
1
25
2
70 years or more
26
3
39
4
60
6
10
1
12
1
9
1
35
3
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
41
4
106
10
164
16
54
5
36
4
22
2
89
9
Male
82
8
122
12
152
15
27
3
33
3
20
2
68
7
Do not wish to share that information
 
 
 
 
1
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Primary school
6
1
5
0
14
1
2
0
7
1
2
0
8
1
Secondary education (Matriculation exam etc.)
25
2
28
3
25
2
5
0
2
0
2
0
8
1
Vocational education
20
2
28
3
38
4
7
1
7
1
7
1
24
2
Short higher education (less than 3 years)
8
1
26
3
32
3
4
0
8
1
5
0
16
2
Medium-length higher education (34 years)
32
3
62
6
109
11
28
3
19
2
13
1
50
5
Longer higher education (over 4 years)
28
3
74
7
86
8
32
3
26
3
13
1
44
4
PhD
4
0
5
0
13
1
3
0
 
 
 
 
7
1
N = 1017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Cross tables – Finland

Table 10.8.c The digitalization of healthcare has improved the quality of healthcare that I have received. Finnish answers crossed with age, gender, and educational level.
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
1829 years
25
2
55
5
58
6
17
2
8
1
5
0
16
2
3039 years
19
2
48
5
58
6
19
2
5
0
 
11
1
4049 years
15
1
44
4
50
5
19
2
9
1
3
0
11
1
5059 years
18
2
42
4
69
7
16
2
14
1
5
0
9
1
6069 years
15
1
35
3
50
5
38
4
11
1
5
0
13
1
70 years or more
20
2
53
5
46
5
21
2
16
2
6
1
18
2
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
57
6
135
13
159
16
73
7
31
3
14
1
40
4
Male
53
5
139
14
170
17
53
5
31
3
9
1
36
4
Non-binary
1
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
1
0
 
 
2
0
Do not wish to share that information
1
0
1
0
 
 
2
0
 
 
1
0
 
 
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Primary school
10
1
18
2
28
3
9
1
7
1
8
1
12
1
Secondary education (Matriculation exam etc.)
11
1
31
3
33
3
11
1
5
0
1
0
10
1
Vocational education
29
3
75
7
95
9
36
4
16
2
5
0
22
2
Short higher education (less than 3 years)
19
2
38
4
39
4
22
2
13
1
3
0
8
1
Medium-length higher education (34 years)
22
2
65
6
68
7
29
3
14
1
5
0
11
1
Longer higher education (over 4 years)
18
2
47
5
61
6
22
2
7
1
1
0
14
1
PhD
3
0
3
0
7
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
N = 1015
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Cross tables – Iceland

Table 10.8.d The digitalization of healthcare has improved the quality of healthcare that I have received. Icelandic answers crossed with age, gender, and educational level.
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
18–29 years
32
3
95
9
49
5
10
1
5
0
10
1
14
1
30–39 years
24
2
88
9
36
4
14
1
7
1
4
0
22
2
40–49 years
27
3
68
7
41
4
14
1
5
0
7
1
9
1
50–59 years
20
2
60
6
40
4
12
1
6
1
4
0
14
1
60–69 years
17
2
55
5
35
3
12
1
3
0
7
1
12
1
70 years or more
8
1
58
6
37
4
8
1
1
0
10
1
13
1
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
 
 
1
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
0
Male
66
7
220
22
132
13
28
3
14
1
19
2
46
5
Non-binary
62
6
201
20
105
10
42
4
12
1
23
2
34
3
Do not wish to share that information
 
 
2
0
1
0
 
 
1
0
 
 
3
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Primary school
8
1
35
3
28
3
7
1
4
0
5
0
8
1
Youth education
3
0
20
2
18
2
4
0
1
0
4
0
7
1
Vocational education
4
0
24
2
12
1
4
0
 
 
4
0
1
0
Master’s degree in industrial industry
4
0
22
2
11
1
8
1
 
 
3
0
4
0
Matriculation exam
18
2
54
5
34
3
8
1
6
1
5
0
14
1
Secondary education, other than Matriculation exam
16
2
30
3
21
2
8
1
5
0
6
1
8
1
Secondary education, technical school examination
8
1
14
1
9
1
1
0
3
0
 
 
2
0
Bachelor’s degree (BSc)
33
3
122
12
46
5
21
2
5
0
9
1
17
2
Master’s degree, MSc
29
3
98
10
59
6
9
1
2
0
5
0
22
2
PhD
5
0
5
0
 
 
 
 
1
0
1
0
1
0
N = 1013
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Cross tables – Norway

Table 10.8.e The digitalization of healthcare has improved the quality of healthcare that I have received. Norwegian answers crossed with age, gender, and educational level.
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
18–29 years
21
2
43
4
64
6
16
2
13
1
13
1
34
3
30–39 years
20
2
52
5
60
6
11
1
8
1
7
1
16
2
40–49 years
16
2
42
4
58
6
13
1
7
1
11
1
22
2
50–59 years
16
2
36
4
66
6
18
2
14
1
5
0
21
2
60–69 years
20
2
24
2
54
5
18
2
13
1
5
0
11
1
70 years or more
15
1
28
3
48
5
18
2
11
1
5
0
23
2
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
36
4
102
10
188
19
53
5
34
3
28
3
66
6
Male
72
7
122
12
161
16
40
4
32
3
18
2
60
6
Non-binary
 
 
1
0
 
 
1
0
 
 
 
 
 
0
Do not wish to share that information
 
 
 
 
1
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Primary school
5
0
6
1
15
1
4
0
3
0
5
0
7
1
Secondary education (Matriculation exam etc.)
11
1
25
2
38
4
14
1
12
1
5
0
24
2
Upper secondary school - vocational subjects
12
1
24
2
34
3
10
1
12
1
6
1
15
1
Vocational training (skilled worker, craftsman)
11
1
44
4
51
5
9
1
6
1
9
1
15
1
Medium-length higher education (34 years)
37
4
64
6
112
11
25
2
18
2
11
1
38
4
Longer higher education (over 4 years)
31
3
60
6
95
9
31
3
15
1
9
1
24
2
PhD
1
0
2
0
5
0
1
0
 
 
1
0
4
0
N = 1016
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Cross tables – Sweden

Table 10.8.f The digitalization of healthcare has improved the quality of healthcare that I have received. Swedish answers crossed with age, gender, and educational level.
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
18–29 years
34
3
55
5
53
5
19
2
8
1
7
1
23
2
30–39 years
21
2
42
4
48
5
15
1
9
1
6
1
29
3
40–49 years
20
2
37
4
46
5
17
2
9
1
2
0
35
3
50–59 years
17
2
43
4
38
4
19
2
12
1
6
1
27
3
60–69 years
14
1
21
2
38
4
17
2
17
2
9
1
32
3
70 years or more
21
2
35
3
46
5
17
2
15
1
12
1
26
3
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
52
5
119
12
133
13
61
6
32
3
17
2
91
9
Male
75
7
114
11
132
13
41
4
37
4
25
2
79
8
Non-binary
 
 
 
 
2
0
2
0
 
 
 
 
1
0
Do not wish to share that information
 
 
 
 
2
0
 
 
1
0
 
 
1
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Elementary school
8
1
12
1
23
2
5
0
6
1
5
0
19
2
Secondary school
60
6
101
10
129
13
45
4
26
3
18
2
70
7
University/College
57
6
118
12
112
11
54
5
35
3
18
2
81
8
PhD
2
0
2
0
5
0
 
0
3
0
1
0
2
0
N = 1017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

10.9 Digital healthcare results in less travelling

In the last question, number 25, the digital healthcare system’s effect on citizens travelling is examined. The citizens’ answers are displayed in Table 10.9.a and Figure 10.9.a.
Table 10.9.a The digital healthcare system allows me to travel less to healthcare institutions because I can interact with healthcare professionals online instead.
Denmark
Finland
Iceland
Norway
Sweden
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Strongly agree
158
16
258
25
280
28
205
20
253
25
Agree
246
24
417
41
481
47
254
25
240
24
Neutral
204
20
166
16
129
13
210
21
175
17
Disagree
92
9
66
7
35
3
93
9
108
11
Strongly disagree
98
10
40
4
15
1
83
8
60
6
Not applicable
123
12
21
2
25
2
103
10
55
5
Don't know
96
9
47
5
48
5
68
7
126
12
Total
1017
100
1015
100
1013
100
1016
100
1017
100
Figure 10.9.a The digital healthcare system allows me to travel less to healthcare institutions because I can interact with healthcare professionals online instead.
As Figure 10.9.a. the digitalization’s effect on traveling has benefitted just below half of the population in three of the countries as 40% (Denmark), 45% (Norway), and 48% (Sweden) Agree or Strongly agree. Those who seem to benefit the most when it comes to less travelling due the digitalization of healthcare are the citizens in Finland and Iceland where 67% and 75%, respectively, Agree or Strongly agree.

Cross tables – Denmark

Table 10.9.b The digital healthcare system allows me to travel less to healthcare institutions because I can interact with healthcare professionals online instead. Danish answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, region of residence, and need for assistance when using digital health services.
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
18–29 years
60
6
35
3
23
2
18
2
25
2
9
1
10
1
30–39 years
17
2
37
4
33
3
11
1
18
2
19
2
16
2
40–49 years
26
3
42
4
40
4
20
2
10
1
16
2
18
2
50–59 years
17
2
41
4
32
3
16
2
17
2
31
3
16
2
60–69 years
11
1
43
4
35
3
15
1
11
1
18
2
20
2
70 years or more
27
3
48
5
41
4
12
1
17
2
30
3
16
2
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
63
6
126
12
101
10
58
6
43
4
73
7
48
5
Male
95
9
119
12
103
10
34
3
55
5
50
5
48
5
Do not wish to share that information
 
 
1
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Primary school
10
1
5
0
12
1
1
0
9
1
3
0
4
0
Secondary education (Matriculation exam etc.)
28
3
19
2
11
1
12
1
10
1
9
1
6
1
Vocational education
22
2
28
3
31
3
10
1
7
1
17
2
16
2
Short higher education (less than 3 years)
15
1
24
2
19
2
9
1
12
1
16
2
4
0
Medium-length higher education (34 years)
35
3
81
8
68
7
30
3
26
3
34
3
39
4
Longer higher education (over 4 years)
43
4
83
8
54
5
27
3
32
3
38
4
26
3
PhD
5
0
6
1
9
1
3
0
2
0
6
1
1
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Region of Residence
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Region Hovedstaden
39
4
94
9
65
6
28
3
32
3
41
4
25
2
Region Midtjylland
41
4
49
5
49
5
23
2
30
3
23
2
20
2
Region Nordjylland
25
2
16
2
20
2
8
1
9
1
11
1
12
1
Region Sjælland
22
2
37
4
24
2
18
2
9
1
21
2
12
1
Region Syddanmark
31
3
50
5
46
5
15
1
18
2
27
3
27
3
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Always
3
0
 
 
3
0
 
 
3
0
1
0
1
0
Often
3
0
2
0
1
0
1
0
2
0
1
0
 
 
Sometimes
1
0
8
1
10
1
4
0
5
0
4
0
7
1
Rarely
14
1
27
3
32
3
12
1
11
1
19
2
22
2
Never
137
13
208
20
157
15
74
7
75
7
91
9
63
6
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services
 
 
1
0
 
 
1
0
2
0
6
1
1
0
Don't know/do not remember
 
 
 
0
1
0
 
 
 
 
1
0
2
0
N = 1017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Cross tables – Finland

Table 10.9.c The digital healthcare system allows me to travel less to healthcare institutions because I can interact with healthcare professionals online instead. Finnish answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, region of residence, and need for assistance when using digital health services.
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
18–29 years
59
6
75
7
27
3
9
1
3
0
4
0
7
1
30–39 years
39
4
70
7
25
2
10
1
3
0
2
0
11
1
40–49 years
40
4
68
7
18
2
13
1
5
0
2
0
5
0
50–59 years
49
5
74
7
28
3
8
1
8
1
2
0
4
0
60–69 years
35
3
69
7
37
4
11
1
7
1
4
0
4
0
70 years or more
36
4
61
6
31
3
15
1
14
1
7
1
16
2
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
142
14
209
21
76
7
28
3
19
2
12
1
23
2
Male
114
11
202
20
88
9
37
4
21
2
7
1
22
2
Non-binary
1
0
4
0
2
0
1
0
 
 
 
 
2
0
Do not wish to share that information
1
0
2
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
2
0
 
 
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Primary school
21
2
26
3
18
2
4
0
7
1
9
1
7
1
Secondary education (Matriculation exam etc.)
30
3
47
5
11
1
7
1
1
0
2
0
4
0
Vocational education
65
6
111
11
48
5
20
2
11
1
3
0
20
2
Short higher education (less than 3 years)
30
3
59
6
27
3
15
1
5
0
1
0
5
0
Medium-length higher education (34 years)
67
7
96
9
27
3
6
1
10
1
5
0
3
0
Longer higher education (over 4 years)
41
4
68
7
32
3
14
1
6
1
1
0
8
1
PhD
4
0
10
1
3
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Region of Residence
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
South Karelia wellbeing services county
8
1
12
1
7
1
2
0
 
 
 
0
3
0
South Ostrobothnia wellbeing services county
11
1
15
1
5
0
3
0
1
0
1
0
2
0
South Savo wellbeing services county
2
0
10
1
5
0
2
0
2
0
 
 
1
0
City of Helsinki
47
5
46
5
22
2
8
1
3
0
3
0
6
1
East Uusimaa wellbeing services county
4
0
4
0
1
0
2
0
 
 
1
0
 
 
Kainuu wellbeing services county
5
0
6
1
 
0
 
 
1
0
 
 
 
 
Kanta-Häme wellbeing services county
8
1
13
1
7
1
1
0
2
0
1
0
4
0
Central Ostrobothnia wellbeing services county
3
0
5
0
1
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Central Finland wellbeing services county
12
1
22
2
3
0
4
0
3
0
2
0
3
0
Central Uusimaa wellbeing services county
10
1
11
1
11
1
3
0
2
0
2
0
 
 
Kymenlaakso wellbeing services county
8
1
6
1
6
1
3
0
2
0
 
 
1
0
Lapland wellbeing services county
2
0
12
1
4
0
 
 
3
0
1
0
1
0
West Uusimaa wellbeing services county
23
2
27
3
11
1
5
0
2
0
1
0
4
0
Pirkanmaa wellbeing services county
22
2
38
4
16
2
7
1
1
0
2
0
3
0
Ostrobothnia wellbeing services county
3
0
12
1
 
0
3
0
1
0
 
 
1
0
North Karelia wellbeing services county
7
1
14
1
6
1
3
0
1
0
 
 
 
 
North Ostrobothnia wellbeing services county
17
2
40
4
13
1
5
0
2
0
2
0
3
0
North Savo wellbeing services county
19
2
27
3
9
1
 
 
6
1
1
0
4
0
Päijät-Häme wellbeing services county
9
1
11
1
6
1
1
0
2
0
 
 
1
0
Satakunta wellbeing services county
6
1
18
2
8
1
3
0
1
0
 
 
2
0
Vantaa and Kerava wellbeing services county
12
1
28
3
7
1
2
0
2
0
1
0
4
0
Southwest Finland wellbeing services county
20
2
40
4
18
2
9
1
3
0
3
0
4
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Always
3
0
6
1
2
0
1
0
3
0
1
0
 
 
Often
4
0
7
1
3
0
4
0
2
0
 
 
1
0
Sometimes
13
1
21
2
14
1
6
1
3
0
2
0
4
0
Rarely
46
5
88
9
34
3
19
2
4
0
2
0
11
1
Never
186
18
289
28
108
11
35
3
22
2
6
1
24
2
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services
2
0
4
0
4
0
1
0
5
0
8
1
2
0
Don't know/do not remember
4
0
2
0
1
0
 
 
1
0
2
0
5
0
N = 1015
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Cross tables – Iceland

Table 10.9.d The digital healthcare system allows me to travel less to healthcare institutions because I can interact with healthcare professionals online instead. Icelandic answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, region of residence, and need for assistance when using digital health services.
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
18–29 years
67
7
94
9
26
3
8
1
4
0
7
1
9
1
30–39 years
62
6
88
9
20
2
6
1
2
0
6
1
11
1
40–49 years
50
5
81
8
18
2
6
1
4
0
2
0
10
1
50–59 years
43
4
74
7
19
2
8
1
2
0
4
0
6
1
60–69 years
38
4
69
7
25
2
1
0
2
0
2
0
4
0
70 years or more
20
2
75
7
21
2
6
1
1
0
4
0
8
1
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
148
15
238
23
72
7
19
2
9
1
12
1
27
3
Male
130
13
238
23
57
6
16
2
6
1
13
1
19
2
Non-binary
2
0
4
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
0
Do not wish to share that information
 
 
1
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Primary school
23
2
33
3
16
2
5
0
6
1
4
0
8
1
Youth education
9
1
25
2
13
1
3
0
 
 
2
0
5
0
Vocational education
11
1
27
3
6
1
3
0
 
 
1
0
1
0
Master’s degree in industrial industry
9
1
30
3
11
1
1
0
 
 
1
0
 
 
Matriculation exam
36
4
68
7
22
2
2
0
2
0
4
0
5
0
Secondary education, other than Matriculation exam
17
2
47
5
14
1
3
0
1
0
3
0
9
1
Secondary education, technical school examination
12
1
15
1
6
1
1
0
 
 
1
0
2
0
Bachelor’s degree (BSc)
75
7
130
13
20
2
6
1
5
0
5
0
12
1
Master’s degree, MSc
80
8
104
10
20
2
11
1
 
 
3
0
6
1
PhD
8
1
2
0
1
0
 
 
1
0
1
0
 
 
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Region of Residence
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Austurland
7
1
21
2
6
1
3
0
2
0
2
0
4
0
Höfuðborgarsvæðið
195
19
305
30
79
8
22
2
9
1
15
1
23
2
Norðurland eystra
31
3
48
5
12
1
3
0
1
0
3
0
4
0
Norðurland vestra
1
0
13
1
3
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
0
Suðurland
15
1
38
4
12
1
3
0
2
0
 
 
4
0
Suðurnes (Previously Reykjanes)
17
2
29
3
8
1
1
0
 
 
4
0
7
1
Vestfirðir
3
0
9
1
4
0
1
0
1
0
 
 
 
 
Vesturland
11
1
18
2
5
0
2
0
 
 
1
0
5
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Always
 
 
3
0
1
0
1
0
2
0
 
 
1
0
Often
2
0
8
1
3
0
 
0
1
0
1
0
2
0
Sometimes
8
1
20
2
15
1
2
0
1
0
1
0
3
0
Rarely
23
2
65
6
21
2
4
0
1
0
3
0
4
0
Never
243
24
375
37
85
8
27
3
10
1
17
2
29
3
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services
2
0
7
1
4
0
1
0
 
 
2
0
9
1
Don't know/do not remember
2
0
3
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
0
 
 
N = 1013
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Cross tables – Norway

Table 10.9.e The digitalization of healthcare has improved the quality of healthcare that I have received. Norwegian answers crossed with age, gender, and educational level. Norwegian answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, region of residence, and need for assistance when using digital health services.
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
18–29 years
56
6
53
5
32
3
18
2
11
1
17
2
17
2
30–39 years
42
4
48
5
37
4
13
1
10
1
21
2
3
0
40–49 years
28
3
44
4
35
3
17
2
14
1
19
2
12
1
50–59 years
26
3
50
5
37
4
17
2
19
2
12
1
15
1
60–69 years
33
3
29
3
32
3
12
1
14
1
16
2
9
1
70 years or more
20
2
30
3
37
4
16
2
15
1
18
2
12
1
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
91
9
124
12
103
10
53
5
49
5
63
6
24
2
Male
113
11
129
13
107
11
39
4
34
3
40
4
43
4
Non-binary
 
 
1
0
 
 
1
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
Do not wish to share that information
1
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Primary school
3
0
9
1
8
1
1
0
5
0
10
1
9
1
Secondary education (Matriculation exam etc.)
29
3
38
4
22
2
7
1
7
1
16
2
10
1
Upper secondary school - vocational subjects
23
2
25
2
19
2
13
1
10
1
10
1
13
1
Vocational training (skilled worker, craftsman)
29
3
40
4
28
3
10
1
10
1
21
2
7
1
Medium-length higher education (34 years)
64
6
79
8
70
7
28
3
26
3
23
2
15
1
Longer higher education (over 4 years)
53
5
60
6
61
6
31
3
24
2
22
2
14
1
PhD
4
0
3
0
2
0
3
0
1
0
1
0
 
 
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Region of Residence
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Midt-Norge
22
2
36
4
19
2
21
2
13
1
17
2
16
2
Nord-Norge
20
2
20
2
17
2
8
1
8
1
9
1
8
1
Oslo
30
3
32
3
26
3
11
1
13
1
15
1
5
0
Sørlandet ink Telemark
18
2
23
2
19
2
6
1
5
0
12
1
5
0
Vestlandet
45
4
52
5
40
4
22
2
18
2
13
1
14
1
Østlandet
70
7
91
9
89
9
25
2
26
3
37
4
20
2
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Always
1
0
1
0
 
 
 
 
2
0
1
0
3
0
Often
 
 
4
0
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
0
2
0
Sometimes
9
1
9
1
11
1
11
1
16
2
10
1
2
0
Rarely
29
3
37
4
45
4
19
2
7
1
16
2
18
2
Never
163
16
200
20
152
15
61
6
57
6
70
7
40
4
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services
2
0
3
0
2
0
1
0
1
0
5
0
2
0
Don't know/do not remember
1
0
 
 
 
 
1
0
 
 
 
 
1
0
N = 1016
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Cross tables – Sweden

Table 10.9.f The digitalization of healthcare has improved the quality of healthcare that I have received. Swedish answers crossed with age, gender, and educational level. Swedish answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, region of residence, and need for assistance when using digital health services.
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Age
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
1829 years
73
7
50
5
32
3
8
1
6
1
8
1
22
2
3039 years
45
4
51
5
29
3
15
1
4
0
10
1
16
2
4049 years
43
4
43
4
23
2
17
2
7
1
10
1
23
2
5059 years
36
4
42
4
21
2
22
2
13
1
6
1
22
2
6069 years
32
3
21
2
32
3
21
2
12
1
10
1
20
2
70 years or more
24
2
33
3
38
4
25
2
18
2
11
1
23
2
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Gender
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Female
135
13
129
13
75
7
55
5
22
2
25
2
64
6
Male
118
12
109
11
99
10
51
5
36
4
30
3
60
6
Non-binary
 
 
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
 
 
1
0
Do not wish to share that information
 
 
1
0
 
 
1
0
1
0
 
 
1
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Education level
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Elementary school
18
2
8
1
14
1
10
1
6
1
7
1
15
1
Secondary school
108
11
113
11
86
8
43
4
30
3
21
2
48
5
University/College
125
12
116
11
73
7
54
5
21
2
25
2
61
6
PhD
2
0
3
0
2
0
1
0
3
0
2
0
2
0
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Region of residence
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Blekinge
3
0
7
1
3
0
2
0
1
0
3
0
1
0
Dalarna
6
1
3
0
3
0
3
0
1
0
 
 
3
0
Gavleborg
4
0
5
0
7
1
3
0
2
0
1
0
2
0
Gotland
1
0
2
0
1
0
1
0
 
 
1
0
5
0
Halland
6
1
10
1
5
0
7
1
4
0
1
0
3
0
Jamtland
4
0
5
0
3
0
2
0
2
0
1
0
3
0
Jonkoping
3
0
11
1
5
0
3
0
 
 
3
0
3
0
Kalmar
6
1
7
1
4
0
2
0
 
 
3
0
2
0
Kronoberg
3
0
3
0
2
0
2
0
 
 
 
 
4
0
Norrbotten
8
1
6
1
2
0
4
0
5
0
1
0
 
 
Orebro
6
1
6
1
1
0
4
0
3
0
2
0
5
0
Ostergotland
14
1
10
1
9
1
7
1
3
0
3
0
5
0
Skane
24
2
33
3
30
3
15
1
9
1
5
0
16
2
Sodermanland
6
1
7
1
10
1
2
0
2
0
1
0
3
0
Stockholm
66
6
54
5
32
3
21
2
10
1
16
2
23
2
Uppsala
3
0
12
1
8
1
3
0
2
0
 
0
7
1
Varmland
13
1
10
1
12
1
3
0
2
0
1
0
6
1
Vasterbotten
10
1
4
0
4
0
1
0
2
0
1
0
5
0
Vasternorrland
6
1
3
0
6
1
4
0
 
 
 
 
3
0
Vastmanland
7
1
4
0
5
0
6
1
 
 
 
 
5
0
Vastra Gotaland
54
5
38
4
23
2
13
1
12
1
12
1
22
2
 
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Not applicable
Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Freq
%
Always
1
0
2
0
 
 
 
 
1
0
1
0
 
 
Often
5
0
8
1
5
0
2
0
1
0
1
0
3
0
Sometimes
17
2
17
2
10
1
4
0
2
0
3
0
6
1
Rarely
27
3
34
3
39
4
15
1
8
1
8
1
15
1
Never
199
20
178
18
120
12
83
8
44
4
38
4
96
9
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services
2
0
1
0
1
0
3
0
4
0
2
0
3
0
Don't know/do not remember
2
0
 
 
 
 
1
0
 
 
2
0
3
0
N = 1017