4 Access, Capabilities, and Use of Digital Healthcare

4.1 Knowledge concerning your digital health data

In Table 4.1.a and Figure 4.1.a the answers to question 6 which concerns whether citizens know where to access their digital healthcare data online, are shown.

Table 4.1.a I know where I can access my digital healthcare data online.

	Denmark		Finland		Iceland		Norway		Sweden
	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Strongly agree	510	50	627	62	399	39	433	43	392	39
Agree	402	40	312	31	471	46	450	44	350	34
Neutral	39	4	21	2	63	6	66	6	115	11
Disagree	33	3	20	2	45	4	35	3	49	5
Strongly disagree	25	2	17	2	15	1	13	1	24	2
Not applicable	1	0	7	1	7	1	1	0	6	1
Don't know	7	1	11	1	13	1	18	2	81	8
Total	1017	100	1015	100	1013	100	1016	100	1017	100

Figure 4.1.a I know where I can access my digital healthcare data online.

As seen in Table 4.1.a and Figure 4.1.a, the following number of citizens Strongly agree or Agree: 90% (Denmark), 93% (Finland), 85% (Iceland), 87% (Norway), and 74% (Sweden). Hence, based on these numbers and the relatively high number of Swedes answering Neutral or Don’t know, it seems that a higher part of this population compared to the other Nordic countries have difficulties accessing their healthcare data online.

Cross tables – Denmark

Table 4.1.b I know where I can access my digital healthcare data online. Danish answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, and need for assistance when using digital health services.

	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Age	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
18–29 years	102	10	59	6	6	1	3	0	9	1			1	0
30–39 years	48	5	80	8	7	1	11	1	4	0			1	0
40–49 years	66	6	89	9	10	1	4	0	3	0
50–59 years	85	8	71	7	4	0	6	1	3	0	1	0
60–69 years	91	9	49	5	7	1	4	0	1	0			1	0
70 years or more	118	12	54	5	5	0	5	0	5	0			4	0
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Gender	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Female	241	24	232	23	16	2	14	1	6	1	1	0	2	0
Male	269	26	169	17	23	2	19	2	19	2			5	0
Do not wish to share that information			1	0
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Education level	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Primary school	24	2	13	1	2	0	1	0	4	0
Secondary education (Matriculation exam etc.)	53	5	34	3	3	0	2	0	3	0
Vocational education	72	7	48	5	4	0	1	0	4	0			2	0
Short higher education (less than 3 years)	49	5	44	4	2	0	3	0	1	0
Medium-length higher education (3–4 years)	163	16	125	12	7	1	8	1	6	1	1	0	3	0
Longer higher education (over 4 years)	135	13	122	12	20	2	18	2	7	1			1	0
PhD	14	1	16	2	1	0							1	0
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Always	5	0	2	0			1	0	3	0
Often	4	0	4	0	1	0	1	0
Sometimes	11	1	18	2	6	1	4	0
Rarely	49	5	65	6	10	1	8	1	4	0			1	0
Never	439	43	310	30	22	2	17	2	14	1	1	0	2	0
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services	1	0	2	0			1	0	4	0			3	0
Don't know/do not remember	1	0	1	0			1	0					1	0
N = 1017

Cross tables – Finland

Table 4.1.c I know where I can access my digital healthcare data online. Finnish answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, and need for assistance when using digital health services.

	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Age	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
18–29 years	104	10	65	6	4	0	5	0			1	0	5	0
30–39 years	95	9	56	6	4	0	3	0					2	0
40–49 years	85	8	55	5	5	0	1	0	4	0	1	0
50–59 years	114	11	47	5	4	0	4	0	3	0			1	0
60–69 years	116	11	43	4	1	0	2	0	3	0	2	0
70 years or more	113	11	46	5	3	0	5	0	7	1	3	0	3	0
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Gender	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Female	325	32	150	15	7	1	10	1	11	1	2	0	4	0
Male	296	29	155	15	14	1	9	1	6	1	4	0	7	1
Non-binary	4	0	6	1
Do not wish to share that information	2	0	1	0			1	0			1	0
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Education level	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Primary school	50	5	25	2	3	0	1	0	6	1	5	0	2	0
Secondary education (Matriculation exam etc.)	53	5	39	4	3	0	3	0					4	0
Vocational education	166	16	92	9	10	1	6	1	2	0	1	0	1	0
Short higher education (less than 3 years)	93	9	40	4	2	0	5	0	1	0			1	0
Medium-length higher education (3–4 years)	153	15	50	5	1	0	3	0	5	0	1	0	1	0
Longer higher education (over 4 years)	98	10	63	6	2	0	2	0	3	0			2	0
PhD	14	1	3	0
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Always	7	1	3	0			2	0	4	0
Often	10	1	8	1	2	0			1	0
Sometimes	26	3	27	3	3	0	3	0			1	0	3	0
Rarely	97	10	92	9	5	0	6	1	1	0			3	0
Never	481	47	170	17	8	1	7	1	3	0			1	0
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services	4	0	5	0	1	0	2	0	6	1	5	0	3	0
Don't know/do not remember	2	0	7	1	2	0			2	0	1	0	1	0
N = 1015

Cross tables – Iceland

Table 4.1.d I know where I can access my digital healthcare data online. Icelandic answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, and need for assistance when using digital health services.

	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Age	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
18–29 years	66	7	128	13	12	1	6	1	1	0	1	0	1	0
30–39 years	69	7	100	10	10	1	12	1	2	0			2	0
40–49 years	72	7	71	7	10	1	10	1	6	1	1	0	1	0
50–59 years	76	8	56	6	17	2	3	0	2	0	1	0	1	0
60–69 years	65	6	58	6	6	1	6	1	2	0			4	0
70 years or more	51	5	58	6	8	1	8	1	2	0	4	0	4	0
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Gender	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Female	206	20	255	25	26	3	22	2	5	0	5	0	6	1
Male	188	19	213	21	36	4	23	2	10	1	2	0	7	1
Non-binary	4	0	2	0	1	0
Do not wish to share that information	1	0	1	0
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Education level	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Primary school	24	2	46	5	12	1	2	0	4	0	3	0	4	0
Youth education	28	3	20	2	4	0	3	0	1	0	1	0
Vocational education	22	2	19	2	4	0	3	0	1	0
Master’s degree in industrial industry	22	2	21	2	4	0	4	0	1	0
Matriculation exam	44	4	80	8	6	1	7	1		0			2	0
Secondary education, other than Matriculation exam	40	4	33	3	9	1	5	0	1	0	2	0	4	0
Secondary education, technical school examination	14	1	16	2	2	0	3	0	2	0
Bachelor’s degree (BSc)	108	11	121	12	12	1	5	0	4	0	1	0	2	0
Master’s degree, MSc	92	9	108	11	10	1	12	1	1	0			1	0
PhD	5	0	7	1			1	0
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Always	1	0	3	0			1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0
Often	3	0	6	1	3	0	4	0					1	0
Sometimes	9	1	23	2	9	1	6	1	2	0			1	0
Rarely	27	3	77	8	10	1	6	1					1	0
Never	353	35	356	35	36	4	25	2	10	1	1	0	5	0
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services	6	1	3	0	4	0	2	0	2	0	5	0	3	0
Don't know/do not remember			3	0	1	0	1	0					1	0
N = 1013

Cross tables – Norway

Table 4.1.e I know where I can access my digital healthcare data online. Norwegian answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, and need for assistance when using digital health services.

	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Age	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
18–29 years	64	6	110	11	17	2	8	1	3	0			2	0
30–39 years	65	6	84	8	15	1	9	1					1	0
40–49 years	66	6	89	9	5	0	3	0	3	0	1	0	2	0
50–59 years	77	8	71	7	12	1	9	1	3	0			4	0
60–69 years	79	8	48	5	8	1	5	0	3	0			2	0
70 years or more	82	8	48	5	9	1	1	0	1	0			7	1
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Gender	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Female	218	21	230	23	30	3	15	1	5	0			9	1
Male	215	21	217	21	36	4	19	2	8	1	1	0	9	1
Non-binary			1	0			1	0
Do not wish to share that information			2	0
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Education level	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Primary school	13	1	18	2	9	1	3	0			1	0	1	0
Secondary education (Matriculation exam etc.)	51	5	55	5	8	1	6	1	5	0			4	0
Vocational education	42	4	50	5	9	1	5	0	4	0			3	0
Short higher education (less than 3 years)	65	6	68	7	3	0	5	0	1	0			3	0
Medium-length higher education (3–4 years)	134	13	141	14	21	2	5	0	2	0			2	0
Longer higher education (over 4 years)	122	12	111	11	15	1	11	1	1	0			5	0
PhD	6	1	7	1	1	0
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Always	3	0	3	0			1	0					1	0
Often	1	0	1	0	2	0	1	0	1	0			1	0
Sometimes	8	1	37	4	12	1	7	1	1	0			3	0
Rarely	62	6	80	8	14	1	4	0	6	1			5	0
Never	355	35	324	32	38	4	18	2	3	0			5	0
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services	4	0	5	0			2	0	1	0	1	0	3	0
Don't know/do not remember							2	0	1	0
N = 1016

Cross tables – Sweden

Table 4.1.f I know where I can access my digital healthcare data online. Swedish answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, and need for assistance when using digital health services.

	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Age	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
18–29 years	98	10	72	7	15	1	9	1	3	0	1	0	1	0
30–39 years	92	9	60	6	5	0	7	1	3	0			3	0
40–49 years	76	7	63	6	8	1	10	1	7	1	1	0	1	0
50–59 years	91	9	46	5	8	1	4	0	7	1	1	0	5	0
60–69 years	109	11	17	2	6	1	3	0	6	1	1	0	6	1
70 years or more	117	12	28	3	7	1	6	1	5	0	3	0	6	1
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Gender	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Female	318	31	137	13	18	2	14	1	8	1	2	0	8	1
Male	263	26	144	14	29	3	25	2	23	2	5	0	14	1
Non-binary			4	0	1	0
Do not wish to share that information	2	0	1	0	1	0
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Education level	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Elementary school	40	4	23	2	2	0	4	0	4	0	2	0	3	0
Secondary school	256	25	125	12	27	3	16	2	17	2	1	0	7	1
University/ College	280	28	131	13	20	2	19	2	9	1	4	0	12	1
PhD	7	1	7	1					1	0
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Always	2	0	2	0							1	0
Often	10	1	8	1	3	0	2	0	1	0			1	0
Sometimes	23	2	22	2	6	1	3	0	2	0			3	0
Rarely	55	5	56	6	17	2	10	1	5	0			3	0
Never	487	48	193	19	22	2	22	2	20	2	2	0	12	1
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services	4	0	3	0			1	0	1	0	4	0	3	0
Don't know/do not remember	2	0	2	0	1	0	1	0	2	0
N = 1017

4.2 Access to digital healthcare data

Table 4.2.a and Figure 4.2.a show the distribution of answers to question 7, where citizens were asked whether they have sufficient access to their digital healthcare data online.

Table 4.2.a I have sufficient access to my digital healthcare data online.

	Denmark		Finland		Iceland		Norway		Sweden
	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Strongly agree	478	47	558	55	253	25	365	36	522	51
Agree	365	36	348	34	423	42	421	41	280	28
Neutral	62	6	35	3	139	14	103	10	60	6
Disagree	35	3	29	3	112	11	52	5	39	4
Strongly disagree	14	1	14	1	33	3	22	2	22	2
Not applicable	3	0	10	1	6	1	5	0	11	1
Don't know	60	6	21	2	47	5	48	5	83	8
Total	1017	100	1015	100	1013	100	1016	100	1017	100

Figure 4.2.a I have sufficient access to my digital healthcare data online.

According to Figure 4.2.a. the following percentage of citizens Strongly agree or Agree that they have sufficient access to their digital healthcare data online: Denmark 83%, Finland 89%, Iceland 67%, Norway 77% and Sweden 79%. Hence, Iceland stands out as the country where citizens to the highest degree would like to attain increased access to their digital healthcare data online.

Cross tables – Denmark

Table 4.2.b I have sufficient access to my digital healthcare data online. Danish answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, and need for assistance when using digital health services.

	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Age	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
18–29 years	100	10	53	5	12	1	3	0	3	0			9	1
30–39 years	54	5	64	6	13	1	7	1	3	0			10	1
40–49 years	57	6	80	8	9	1	9	1	3	0	1	0	13	1
50–59 years	84	8	53	5	16	2	6	1	2	0			9	1
60–69 years	80	8	56	6	4	0	6	1	1	0			6	1
70 years or more	103	10	59	6	8	1	4	0	2	0	2	0	13	1
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Gender	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Female	233	23	198	19	22	2	21	2	4	0	2	0	32	3
Male	245	24	166	16	40	4	14	1	10	1	1	0	28	3
Do not wish to share that information			1	0
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Education level	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Primary school	20	2	13	1	3	0	2	0	2	0			4	0
Secondary education (Matriculation exam etc.)	51	5	29	3	7	1	3	0	1	0			4	0
Vocational education	65	6	44	4	5	0	5	0	1	0	2	0	9	1
Short higher education (less than 3 years)	50	5	38	4	6	1	2	0	2	0			1	0
Medium-length higher education (3–4 years)	150	15	116	11	14	1	11	1	1	0			21	2
Longer higher education (over 4 years)	125	12	114	11	26	3	11	1	7	1	1	0	19	2
PhD	17	2	11	1	1	0	1	0				0	2	0
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Always	5	0	2	0					2	0			2	0
Often	4	0	2	0	1	0	3	0
Sometimes	5	0	21	2	7	1	2	0	1	0			3	0
Rarely	48	5	52	5	16	2	7	1	2	0			12	1
Never	412	41	287	28	37	4	23	2	9	1	1	0	36	4
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services	2	0	1	0	1	0					2	0	5	0
Don't know/do not remember	2	0											2	0
N = 1017

Cross tables – Finland

Table 4.2.c I have sufficient access to my digital healthcare data online. Finnish answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, and need for assistance when using digital health services.

	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Age	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
18–29 years	100	10	61	6	8	1	7	1	3	0			5	0
30–39 years	86	8	56	6	8	1	4	0	1	0			5	0
40–49 years	73	7	63	6	4	0	7	1	3	0			1	0
50–59 years	93	9	63	6	6	1	4	0	3	0			4	0
60–69 years	99	10	53	5	5	0	3	0	1	0	4	0	2	0
70 years or more	107	11	52	5	4	0	4	0	3	0	6	1	4	0
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Gender	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Female	282	28	177	17	15	1	12	1	8	1	5	0	10	1
Male	272	27	162	16	19	2	16	2	6	1	5	0	11	1
Non-binary	3	0	6	1			1	0
Do not wish to share that information	1	0	3	0	1	0
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Education level	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Primary school	50	5	22	2	3	0	2	0	5	0	6	1	4	0
Secondary education (Matriculation exam etc.)	54	5	36	4	4	0	3	0		0			5	0
Vocational education	150	15	97	10	12	1	12	1	5	0			2	0
Short higher education (less than 3 years)	79	8	49	5	4	0	5	0	1	0	2	0	2	0
Medium-length higher education (3–4 years)	129	13	67	7	7	1	6	1	2	0			3	0
Longer higher education (over 4 years)	85	8	71	7	5	0	1	0	1	0	2	0	5	0
PhD	11	1	6	1
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Always	6	1	2	0	1	0	4	0	1	0			2	0
Often	7	1	9	1	2	0	2	0			1	0
Sometimes	21	2	30	3	6	1	3	0	1	0	1	0	1	0
Rarely	97	10	80	8	9	1	9	1	3	0	1	0	5	0
Never	416	41	219	22	13	1	10	1	4	0	1	0	7	1
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services	8	1	1	0	1	0			5	0	6	1	5	0
Don't know/do not remember	3	0	7	1	3	0	1	0					1	0
N = 1015

Cross tables – Iceland

Table 4.2.d I have sufficient access to my digital healthcare data online. Icelandic answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, and need for assistance when using digital health services.

	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Age	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
18–29 years	46	5	114	11	21	2	24	2	4	0			6	1
30–39 years	42	4	89	9	23	2	25	2	7	1			9	1
40–49 years	39	4	56	6	32	3	25	2	8	1	1	0	10	1
50–59 years	42	4	54	5	27	3	17	2	9	1	1	0	6	1
60–69 years	46	5	53	5	19	2	12	1	3	0			8	1
70 years or more	38	4	57	6	17	2	9	1	2	0	4	0	8	1
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Gender	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Female	125	12	222	22	64	6	72	7	16	2	5	0	21	2
Male	124	12	199	20	75	7	38	4	17	2	1	0	25	2
Non-binary	4	0	1	0			1	0					1	0
Do not wish to share that information			1	0			1	0
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Education level	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Primary school	20	2	42	4	10	1	8	1	4	0	2	0	9	1
Youth education	20	2	22	2	6	1	3	0	1	0	2	0	3	0
Vocational education	15	1	21	2	8	1	4	0					1	0
Master’s degree in industrial industry	13	1	25	2	7	1	5	0	1	0			1	0
Matriculation exam	32	3	59	6	17	2	22	2	4	0			5	0
Secondary education, other than Matriculation exam	27	3	29	3	14	1	16	2	2	0	2	0	4	0
Secondary education, technical school examination	10	1	13	1	5	0	3	0	3	0			3	0
Bachelor’s degree (BSc)	65	6	110	11	37	4	19	2	10	1			12	1
Master’s degree, MSc	48	5	98	10	33	3	30	3	6	1			9	1
PhD	3	0	4	0	2	0	2	0	2	0
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Always	1	0	1	0	2	0	1	0	2	0	1	0
Often	3	0	8	1	1	0	4	0					1	0
Sometimes	8	1	18	2	12	1	8	1	1	0			3	0
Rarely	20	2	63	6	22	2	12	1	1	0			3	0
Never	219	22	326	32	97	10	87	9	28	3			29	3
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services	2	0	6	1	4	0			1	0	5	0	7	1
Don't know/do not remember			1	0	1	0							4	0
N = 1013

Cross tables – Norway

Table 4.2.e I have sufficient access to my digital healthcare data online. Norwegian answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, and need for assistance when using digital health services.

	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Age	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
18–29 years	70	7	79	8	27	3	13	1	2	0			13	1
30–39 years	43	4	86	8	19	2	11	1	5	0	1	0	9	1
40–49 years	45	4	87	9	19	2	6	1	4	0	2	0	6	1
50–59 years	65	6	71	7	18	2	10	1	2	0	1	0	9	1
60–69 years	74	7	44	4	12	1	6	1	6	1			3	0
70 years or more	68	7	54	5	8	1	6	1	3	0	1	0	8	1
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Gender	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Female	178	18	218	21	51	5	32	3	8	1	2	0	18	2
Male	187	18	200	20	52	5	20	2	14	1	3	0	29	3
Non-binary			1	0									1	0
Do not wish to share that information			2	0
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Education level	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Primary school	12	1	14	1	7	1	6	1	2	0	1	0	3	0
Secondary education (Matriculation exam etc.)	44	4	51	5	17	2	3	0	3	0			11	1
Upper secondary school - vocational subjects	34	3	53	5	10	1	8	1	2	0	2	0	4	0
Vocational training (skilled worker, craftsman)	50	5	64	6	15	1	5	0	1	0	1	0	9	1
Medium-length higher education (3–4 years)	125	12	124	12	23	2	17	2	8	1	1	0	7	1
Longer higher education (over 4 years)	95	9	108	11	30	3	13	1	5	0			14	1
PhD	5	0	7	1	1	0			1	0
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Always	3	0	1	0	1	0			1	0	1	0	1	0
Often	2	0	2	0									3	0
Sometimes	8	1	28	3	12	1	9	1	3	0			8	1
Rarely	53	5	77	8	14	1	14	1	5	0			8	1
Never	297	29	308	30	75	7	25	2	11	1	2	0	25	2
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services	2	0	5	0	1	0	2	0	2	0	2	0	2	0
Don't know/do not remember							2	0					1	0
N = 1016

Cross tables – Sweden

Table 4.2.f I have sufficient access to my digital healthcare data online. Danish answers crossed with age, gender, educational level, and need for assistance when using digital health services.

	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Age	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
18–29 years	98	10	61	6	14	1	9	1	4	0	1	0	12	1
30–39 years	75	7	56	6	13	1	10	1	3	0			13	1
40–49 years	72	7	55	5	10	1	7	1	1	0	2	0	19	2
50–59 years	87	9	39	4	9	1	6	1	6	1	3	0	12	1
60–69 years	93	9	27	3	8	1	2	0	4	0	2	0	12	1
70 years or more	97	10	42	4	6	1	5	0	4	0	3	0	15	1
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Gender	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Female	275	27	154	15	16	2	15	1	9	1	6	1	30	3
Male	244	24	125	12	42	4	22	2	13	1	4	0	53	5
Non-binary			1	0	1	0	2	0			1	0
Do not wish to share that information	3	0			1	0
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Education level	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Elementary school	39	4	17	2	4	0	2	0	5	0	2	0	9	1
Secondary school	238	23	119	12	33	3	15	1	11	1	3	0	30	3
University/ College	241	24	138	14	23	2	20	2	6	1	6	1	41	4
PhD	4	0	6	1			2	0					3	0
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Always	1	0	2	0			1	0			1	0
Often	9	1	7	1	3	0	2	0					4	0
Sometimes	19	2	23	2	6	1	1	0	2	0			8	1
Rarely	57	6	47	5	17	2	7	1	9	1			9	1
Never	429	42	197	19	34	3	26	3	10	1	7	1	55	5
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services	5	0	3	0			1	0			3	0	4	0
Don't know/do not remember	2	0	1	0			1	0	1	0			3	0
N = 1017

4.3 Comprehension of digital healthcare data

The answers to question 8, where citizens are asked whether they find it easy to understand the information available to them when accessing their digital healthcare data online, are displayed in Table 4.3.a and Figure 4.3.a.

Table 4.3.a I find it easy to understand the information available to me when accessing my digital healthcare data online.

Need for assistance with IT	Denmark		Finland		Iceland		Norway		Sweden
Need for assistance with IT	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Strongly agree	303	30	392	39	262	26	338	33	392	39
Agree	413	41	446	44	486	48	449	44	350	34
Neutral	144	14	65	6	151	15	130	13	115	11
Disagree	91	9	64	6	62	6	41	4	49	5
Strongly disagree	28	3	14	1	17	2	20	2	24	2
Not applicable	10	1	14	1	7	1	7	1	6	1
Don't know	28	3	20	2	28	3	31	3	81	8
Total	1017	100	1015	100	1013	100	1016	100	1017	100

Figure 4.3.a I find it easy to understand the information available to me when accessing my digital healthcare data online.

As seen in Figure 4.3.a, 71% of the citizens in Denmark, 83% in Finland, 74% in Iceland, 77% in Norway, and 83% in Sweden Strongly agree or Agree that it is easy to understand the information available when accessing digital healthcare data online. Hence, relatively, it seems that Danes are the ones having the most difficulties understanding their digital healthcare data online.

Cross tables – Denmark

Table 4.3.b I find it easy to understand the information available to me when accessing my digital healthcare data online. Danish answers crossed with age, gender, education, and need for assistance when using digital health services.

	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Age	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
18–29 years	69	7	54	5	21	2	17	2	11	1	2	0	6	1
30–39 years	32	3	65	6	30	3	14	1	5	0	1	0	4	0
40–49 years	34	3	77	8	31	3	21	2	3	0	1	0	5	0
50–59 years	53	5	71	7	24	2	14	1	3	0	1	0	4	0
60–69 years	48	5	66	6	19	2	13	1	3	0	2	0	2	0
70 years or more	67	7	80	8	19	2	12	1	3	0	3	0	7	1
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Gender	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Female	134	13	222	22	81	8	46	5	10	1	4	0	15	1
Male	169	17	190	19	63	6	45	4	18	2	6	1	13	1
Do not wish to share that information			1	0
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Education level	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Primary school	17	2	5	0	9	1	6	1	4	0	1	0	2	0
Secondary education (Matriculation exam etc.)	29	3	38	4	13	1	11	1	3	0			1	0
Vocational education	42	4	55	5	17	2	8	1	3	0	2	0	4	0
Short higher education (less than 3 years)	28	3	41	4	17	2	6	1	5	0			2	0
Medium-length higher education (3–4 years)	96	9	141	14	39	4	22	2		0	4	0	11	1
Longer higher education (over 4 years)	78	8	120	12	45	4	37	4	13	1	3	0	7	1
PhD	13	1	13	1	4	0	1	0					1	0
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Always	5	0	1	0			1	0	3	0			1	0
Often	1	0	5	0	1	0	2	0	1	0
Sometimes	2	0	19	2	6	1	9	1	2	0			1	0
Rarely	26	3	62	6	26	3	13	1	3	0	1	0	6	1
Never	267	26	326	32	109	11	66	6	18	2	5	0	14	1
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services	1	0			1	0			1	0	4	0	4	0
Don't know/do not remember	1	0			1	0							2	0
N = 1017

Cross tables – Finland

Table 4.3.c I find it easy to understand the information available to me when accessing my digital healthcare data online. Finnish answers crossed with age, gender, education, and need for assistance when using digital health services.

	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Age	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
18–29 years	72	7	80	8	10	1	10	1	5	0			7	1
30–39 years	66	7	73	7	13	1	5	0					3	0
40–49 years	51	5	70	7	10	1	14	1	3	0	1	0	2	0
50–59 years	67	7	76	7	10	1	14	1	3	0	1	0	2	0
60–69 years	60	6	78	8	12	1	11	1	1	0	4	0	1	0
70 years or more	76	7	69	7	10	1	10	1	2	0	8	1	5	0
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Gender	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Female	214	21	212	21	27	3	35	3	6	1	8	1	7	1
Male	173	17	230	23	35	3	28	3	7	1	6	1	12	1
Non-binary	4	0	3	0	1	0	1	0	1	0
Do not wish to share that information	1	0	1	0	2	0							1	0
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Education level	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Primary school	26	3	34	3	5	0	12	1	2	0	8	1	5	0
Secondary education (Matriculation exam etc.)	31	3	51	5	9	1	5	0	2	0			4	0
Vocational education	109	11	118	12	24	2	17	2	3	0	1	0	6	1
Short higher education (less than 3 years)	49	5	69	7	6	1	12	1	1	0	3	0	2	0
Medium-length higher education (3–4 years)	102	10	90	9	8	1	8	1	3	0	1	0	2	0
Longer higher education (over 4 years)	61	6	82	8	12	1	10	1	3	0	1	0	1	0
PhD	14	1	2	0	1	0
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Always	6	1	1	0	2	0	2	0	1	0	2	0	2	0
Often	6	1	7	1	4	0	3	0	1	0
Sometimes	15	1	31	3	6	1	8	1	1	0	1	0	1	0
Rarely	52	5	108	11	13	1	19	2	6	1	1	0	5	0
Never	303	30	293	29	36	4	32	3	3	0			3	0
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services	7	1	2	0	1	0			2	0	10	1	4	0
Don't know/do not remember	3	0	4	0	3	0							5	0
N = 1015

Cross tables – Iceland

Table 4.3.d I find it easy to understand the information available to me when accessing my digital healthcare data online. Icelandic answers crossed with age, gender, education, and need for assistance when using digital health services.

	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Age	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
18–29 years	55	5	110	11	34	3	11	1	1	0			4	0
30–39 years	43	4	99	10	26	3	17	2	4	0	1	0	5	0
40–49 years	46	5	80	8	22	2	13	1	4	0	1	0	5	0
50–59 years	47	5	73	7	21	2	6	1	4	0	2	0	3	0
60–69 years	42	4	62	6	22	2	9	1	2	0			4	0
70 years or more	29	3	62	6	26	3	6	1	2	0	3	0	7	1
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Gender	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Female	157	15	249	25	63	6	36	4	7	1	4	0	9	1
Male	103	10	234	23	87	9	23	2	10	1	3	0	19	2
Non-binary	2	0	1	0	1	0	3	0
Do not wish to share that information			2	0
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Education level	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Primary school	12	1	42	4	23	2	9	1	5	0	2	0	2	0
Youth education	18	2	20	2	7	1	4	0	3	0	2	0	3	0
Vocational education	9	1	27	3	7	1	3	0			1	0	2	0
Master’s degree in industrial industry	13	1	23	2	10	1	2	0	2	0			2	0
Matriculation exam	29	3	76	8	15	1	14	1	1	0	1	0	3	0
Secondary education, other than Matriculation exam	23	2	40	4	18	2	8	1	1	0	1	0	3	0
Secondary education, technical school examination	11	1	14	1	6	1	3	0	1	0			2	0
Bachelor’s degree (BSc)	78	8	133	13	26	3	8	1	3	0			5	0
Master’s degree, MSc	64	6	106	10	37	4	10	1	1	0			6	1
PhD	5	0	5	0	2	0	1	0
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Always	3	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0			1	0
Often	1	0	7	1	5	0	4	0
Sometimes	6	1	19	2	13	1	9	1	3	0
Rarely	16	2	63	6	27	3	10	1	1	0			4	0
Never	234	23	391	39	99	10	38	4	11	1	1	0	12	1
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services	2	0	5	0	4	0			1	0	5	0	8	1
Don't know/do not remember					2	0					1	0	3	0
N = 1013

Cross tables – Norway

Table 4.3.e I find it easy to understand the information available to me when accessing my digital healthcare data online. Danish answers crossed with age, gender, education, and need for assistance when using digital health services.

	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Age	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
18–29 years	61	6	89	9	36	4	9	1	4	0			5	0
30–39 years	52	5	78	8	26	3	12	1	2	0	1	0	3	0
40–49 years	57	6	79	8	15	1	5	0	4	0	2	0	7	1
50–59 years	57	6	73	7	32	3	5	0	2	0	2	0	5	0
60–69 years	54	5	64	6	11	1	6	1	4	0	1	0	5	0
70 years or more	57	6	66	6	10	1	4	0	4	0	1	0	6	1
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Gender	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Female	176	17	222	22	63	6	26	3	5	0	2	0	13	1
Male	161	16	226	22	66	6	14	1	15	1	5	0	18	2
Non-binary			1	0			1	0
Do not wish to share that information	1	0			1	0
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Education level	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Primary school	9	1	21	2	8	1	4	0			1	0	2	0
Secondary education (Matriculation exam etc.)	39	4	53	5	23	2	5	0	4	0			5	0
Vocational education	31	3	47	5	18	2	6	1	3	0	2	0	6	1
Short higher education (less than 3 years)	47	5	59	6	19	2	10	1	2	0	3	0	5	0
Medium-length higher education (3–4 years)	112	11	136	13	39	4	6	1	7	1	1	0	4	0
Longer higher education (over 4 years)	95	9	125	12	23	2	9	1	4	0			9	1
PhD	5	0	8	1			1	0						0
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Always	1	0	3	0	1	0			3	0
Often	2	0	1	0			1	0					3	0
Sometimes	10	1	24	2	14	1	12	1	5	0	1	0	2	0
Rarely	40	4	84	8	32	3	7	1	1	0			7	1
Never	282	28	334	33	79	8	20	2	11	1	3	0	14	1
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services	3	0	3	0	2	0	1	0			3	0	4	0
Don't know/do not remember					2	0							1	0
N = 1016

Cross tables – Sweden

Table 4.3.f I find it easy to understand the information available to me when accessing my digital healthcare data online. Swedish answers crossed with age, gender, education, and need for assistance when using digital health services.

	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Age	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
18–29 years	79	8	66	6	26	3	16	2	5	0			7	1
30–39 years	65	6	57	6	22	2	8	1	6	1			12	1
40–49 years	45	4	69	7	19	2	9	1	3	0			21	2
50–59 years	61	6	53	5	21	2	6	1	2	0	2	0	17	2
60–69 years	78	8	42	4	11	1	2	0	3	0	3	0	9	1
70 years or more	64	6	63	6	16	2	8	1	5	0	1	0	15	1
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Gender	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Female	209	21	180	18	53	5	21	2	11	1	1	0	30	3
Male	181	18	168	17	59	6	27	3	12	1	5	0	51	5
Non-binary			1	0	2	0	1	0	1	0
Do not wish to share that information	2	0	1	0	1	0
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Education level	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Elementary school	28	3	22	2	8	1	5	0	3	0	1	0	11	1
Secondary school	168	17	159	16	57	6	25	2	10	1	4	0	26	3
University/ College	190	19	166	16	46	5	19	2	11	1	1	0	42	4
PhD	6	1	3	0	4	0							2	0
	Strongly agree		Agree		Neutral		Disagree		Strongly disagree		Not applicable		Don't know
Need for assistance when using digital health services	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Always	1	0	3	0									1	0
Often	5	0	8	1	3	0	3	0	3	0			3	0
Sometimes	15	1	19	2	10	1	5	0	3	0			7	1
Rarely	38	4	58	6	20	2	12	1	9	1			9	1
Never	330	32	253	25	81	8	29	3	9	1	3	0	53	5
Not relevant, I do not use digital health services	2	0	6	1							3	0	5	0
Don't know/do not remember	1	0	3	0	1	0							3	0
N = 1017