Appendix

(A1-A3)

Steel piling: 1.6 kgCO₂e/m²/year

Soil stabilisation: 6.8 kgCO₂e/m²/year (commercial buildings), 6.9 kgCO₂e/m²/year (school and service buildings), 4.6 kgCO₂e/m²/year (residential and office buildings)

Only five of the cases analysed in this report made use of pile foundations, and in very different proportions. When pile foundations were used, they accounted for about 45% to 100% of the GWP of foundations, from 0.008 to 0.9 kgCO₂/m2 GFA per year (median value 0.77 kgCO₂/m²yr.), and from 0.2% to 17% of the building’s upfront GWP.

(A1-A3, C3-C4)

Appendix 5 of this report explores the effect of parking basements on the building’s overall climate impact. The investigation aims to determine if including the entire parking basement area is beneficial in terms of the building’s climate impact. The study examines whether there is a correlation between low climate impact, the building’s reference area and the presence of a parking basement. However, when analysing the entire building sample, no climate advantage was found in including parking basements in the calculation. Further analysis focused on three specific case buildings with basement parking. The climate impact on these buildings was assessed using the current method in BR18, which includes 100% of the basement area in the reference area, and three alternative scenarios including different proportions of the basement area and the materials of the basement. The impact of basement parking on these three buildings, according to the current Danish method, ranges from 1.0-1.80 kgCO₂e/m²/year. However, excluding the parking basement from both the area and material inventory can, in some cases, lead to higher total building impacts. If the parking basements are investigated separately, their impact for these 3 cases ranges from around 5.60-9.40 kgCO₂e/m²/year.

0.7-1.2 kgCO₂e/m²/year depending on the building type considering net heated floor area as the reference area.

External works/ landscaping (varied system boundaries)

This study reports that outdoors is responsible for 28% of total greenhouse gas emissions (approx. 3.3 kgCO₂e/m²/year). What are the parts of external works included in this study is unclear (varied system boundaries).

From a sample of more than 450 analysed buildings some of them contain external works (number undefined) where averages per building type seem to range between 0.15-0.5 kgCO₂e/m²/year. Outdoor parking spaces correspond to 0.2 kgCO₂e/m²/year.

Construction site (A5)

This study examines the relevance of A5 module based on monitoring data from 52 construction sites. The boundary includes the use of electricity, heating energy, fuel and construction waste. Also, transport on and from the site is included. The analysis takes the larger expected share of renewable energy in 2025 into account. Construction waste has the largest share in A5 with 38%. The resulting median for module A5 of 1,0 kgCO₂e/m²/year. 25^th percentile: 0,713 kgCO₂e/m²/year (considered as the lowest value here); 90^th percentile: 1,720 kgCO₂e/m²/year (considered as the highest value here)

(A1-3, A4-5, B4, C3-4 – varied system boundaries)

Standard values are provided per building type and range from: 12-60 kgCO₂e/m² (A1-5), i.e. 0.24-1.2 kgCO₂e/m²/year. Systems include: drainage installations, water installations, heating, ventilation and cooling installations, firefighting system, electricity systems such as cables, sockets and fixed lighting, elevator.

Standard values are provided per building type and range from: 33-65 kgCO₂e/m² (A1-3, C3-4), i.e. 0.66-1.3 kgCO₂e/m²/year. Systems include: drainage installations, water installations, heating, ventilation and cooling installations.

Standard values are provided per building type, and range from: 48-266 kgCO₂e/m² (A1-3, B4), i.e 0.96-5.32 kgCO₂e/m²/year. Systems include: drainage installations, water installations, heating, ventilation and cooling installations, firefighting system, electricity systems such as cables, sockets and fixed lighting.

Refrigerants (B1)

This study calculates 10 building cases and finds a median value of 0.58 kgCO₂e/m²/year and a maximum value of approx. 1 kgCO₂e/m²/year., however, considering values from currently used products and a 2% annual leakage rate. Considering a max GWP value of 750 kgCO₂e/kg for used refrigerants, the impact is reduced, while for a higher% of leakage the impact will be higher.

Fixed furniture (A1-A5, B4)

Few studies consider the impact of fixtures (fixed furniture). This study provides A1-A5 standard values for internal finishes and fixed furniture differentiated for six building types. For fixed furniture the values range from 4.05 -30.4 kgCO₂e/m^2. The Swedish method does not yet cover replacements. An approximate value for B4 impacts can be estimated by assuming a rate of replacement occurrence. According to Level (s), such fit-outs typically occurs every 10 –20 years. If one assumes a mean rate of occurrence every 15 years for a building with a life span of 50 years (I.e. two replacements during building’s life), the total impact of fixtures could range from 12.2-91.2 kg CO₂e/m² of heated floor area (0.25-1.82 kg CO₂e/m²yr).

Internal finishes (A1-A5, B4)

The impact ranges from 13.5 -22.33 kgCO₂e/m². When B4 impacts are added under the assumption of two replacements during building’s life, the impact increases to 53-67 kg CO₂e/m² of heated floor area (1.06-1.34 kg CO₂e/m²yr).

Maintenance (B2)

This study calculates 10 building cases and finds a median value of 0.15 kgCO₂e/m²/year, when only cleaning and small maintenance processes are included, and 0.46 kgCO₂e/m²/year when window glass replacement also is included (in some countries, glass replacement is part of B4). The maximum value is approx. 0.7 kgCO₂e/m²/year, which is halved if glass replacement in windows is not considered. The base of estimation is B2 values from product and industry EPDs, when available.

(C1-C2)

This study finds a median value of 0.15 kgCO₂e/m²/year and a maximum value of approx. 0.30 kgCO₂e/m²/year. The base of estimation is C1 and C2 values from product and industry EPDs, when available.

The standard value for C1 is 10 kg CO₂e/m² (0.20 kgCO₂e/m²/year).

SWE Proposed system boundary for 2025 limit value

Sub- and superstructure (without foundation)

52224

4292.9

2214.3

4836.7

1106.7

188.9

(without PV installation)

62571

5627.3

2622.1

431.5

38.8

18.1

FI Likely system boundary of climate declaration

Sub- and superstructure (without foundation)

38187

1370.8

3857

44.23

21563

1704

136

1279

216.5

(without PV installation)

2794.4

22.80

2491

748.27

640.9

6.41

677

29.7

3970

45298

1549

12274

22558

312

10.7

84.6

155.6

DK Current system boundary calculated with new data (emission factors for energy supply and some major building products) applicable from 2025

Sub- and superstructure (without foundation)

29626

35876

4474.5

12747

6498

1133.6

4318.3

4318.3

0

457.2

457.2

70

998.8

1570.8

532.8

896

324

28.5

2700.2

2700.2

922.6

747.9

747.9

5.8

2006.4

2006.4

2053.4

45.9

45.9

1.1

39650.8

46472.3

7983.3

14894.3

8072.9

1239.0

273.5

320.5

55.1

23.5

102.7

55.7

8.5

Product

kgCO₂e/kg

SWE

FI

DK

DK (original)

Ready-mixed concrete C20/25

0.122

0.106

0.097

215 kgCO₂e/m³ (industry EPD)

Cement screed

0.385

0.28

0.182

Aerated concrete

0.539

0.41

0.639

243 kgCO₂e/m³ (new generic data)

Mineral wool

1.6

1.5

0.528

26.4 kgCO₂e/m³ (new generic data)

EPS insulation

4

3.5

3.23

59.8 kgCO₂e/m³ (new generic data)

Facing brick

0.314

0.28

0.081

147 kgCO₂e/m³ (new generic data)