Go to content
TemaNord 2024:522
End-of-life treatment of Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs)
End-of-life treatment of Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs)
About this publication
PDF
1. List of abbreviations
2. Summary
3. Resume
4. Preface
5. Introduction
6. Methodology
7. Background
7.1 History of F-gases – from CFCs to HFOs
7.2 Hydrofluoroolefins
7.2.1 HFO/HFC Blends
7.3 Natural Refrigerants
7.3.1 Carbon dioxide (R744)
7.3.2 Hydrocarbons
7.3.3 Ammonia (R717)
7.3.4 Dimethyl ether (R-E170)
7.4 Environmental Concerns
7.4.1 Trifluoroacetic Acid (TFA)
7.4.2 HFC-23
7.5 Health and Safety
8. Current and Possible Future Applications of HFOs and natural refrigerants
8.1 Vehicle Air-Conditioning and Transport Refrigeration
8.2 Sealed Domestic and Commercial Refrigeration Appliances and Heat Pump Tumble Dryers
8.3 Larger Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment
8.4 Domestic Air-Conditioners & Heat Pumps
8.5 Foam in Buildings and Construction
8.6 Foams in Products
8.7 Aerosol Propellants
8.8 Fire Suppression
9. General Lifecycle of HFOs
9.1 Import
9.2 Use
9.3 Recovery
9.4 End-of-life Treatment
10. Current use and legislation of HFOs in the selected countries
10.1 Global Agreements on F-gases or with relevance to F-gases
10.1.1 The Vienna Convention, the Montreal Protocol, and the Kigali Amendment
10.1.2 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
10.2 EU Regulation with Relevance to HFOs
10.2.1 The End-of-life Vehicles Directive
10.2.2 The MAC Directive 2006/40/EC
10.2.3 The Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EC,
10.2.4 The WEEE Directive 2012/19/EU
10.2.5 The EU F-gas Regulation 2014/517/EU
10.2.6 Potential Future Developments in the EU Regulation
10.2.7 European Challenges
10.3 Legislation in the countries covered by the study
10.3.1 F-gas Regulation
10.3.2 End-of-life vehicle directive:
10.3.3 WEEE regulation
10.3.4 The Waste Framework Directive
10.3.5 The MAC Directive
10.3.6 Taxation and Refund Schemes
10.4 Use of HFOs in the Nordics
10.4.1 Import of Bulk HFOs
10.4.2 The use of HFOs in the Auto sector
10.4.3 The use of HFOs in RACHP
10.4.4 The use of HFOs as foam blowing agents
10.4.5 The use of HFOs as Aerosol propellants
11. Recovery, Collection and transport of F-gases & HFOs in the selected countries
11.1 Collection of recovered refrigerants in bulk
11.2 Vehicles
11.3 WEEE
11.4 Foam blowing agents
12. End-of-life treatment of HFOs in the selected countries
12.1 End-of-life treatmetns of HFOs
12.1.1 Waste handling
12.1.2 Recycling
12.1.3 Reclamation
12.1.4 Destruction
12.1.5 Export
12.2 Interlinkages Between Current Systems for EoL Handling of ODSes and HFCs and the Handling of HFOs
12.3 Challenges identified during the study for the safe recovery and end-of-life treatment of HFOs
13. Discussion – Extended producer responsibility schemes
13.1 Extended Producer Responsibility Schemes
13.1.1 Product Take-Back Solutions
13.1.2 Deposit-Refund Systems
13.1.3 Developing an EPR Scheme
13.1.4 Transparency, Monitoring and Enforcement
14. Conclusion
15. Recommendations
15.1 Recommendations for the Nordic Council of Ministers
15.2 Recommendations for the Nordic countries respectively
16. Bibliography
17. APPENDIX 1: The complete country studies
17.1 Denmark
17.1.1 Country regulations with relevance
17.1.2 Monitoring
17.1.3 Use of HFO Substances in Denmark
17.1.4 Existing systems for collection and end-of-life treatments of HFOs
17.2 The Faroe Islands
17.2.1 Country regulations with relevance
17.2.2 Use of HFO Substances in the Faroe Islands
17.2.3 Existing systems for collection and end-of-life treatments of HFOs
17.3 Finland
17.3.1 Country regulations with relevance
17.3.2 Use of HFO Substances in Finland
17.3.3 Existing Systems for Collection and End-of-life Treatments of HFOs
17.3.4 Other Findings
17.4 Iceland
17.4.1 Country regulations with relevance
17.4.2 Fiscal (Subsidies, Taxes or Charges)
17.4.3 Monitoring
17.4.4 Use of HFO Substances in Iceland
17.4.5 Existing Systems for Collection and End-of-life Treatments of HFOs
17.4.6 Strengths and Weaknesses
17.5 Norway
17.5.1 Country regulations with relevance
17.5.2 Use of HFO Substances in Norway
17.5.3 Existing Systems for Collection and End-of-life Treatments of HFOs
17.6 Sweden
17.6.1 Country regulations with relevance
17.6.2 Use of HFO Substances in Sweden
17.6.3 Existing Systems for Collection and End-of-life Treatments of HFOs
17.7 Germany
17.7.1 Country regulations with relevance
17.7.2 Use of HFO Substances in Germany
17.7.3 Existing Systems for Collection and End-of-life Treatments of HFOs
17.7.4 Monitoring systems
17.7.5 Other
17.8 Switzerland
17.8.1 Country regulations with relevance
17.8.2 Use of HFO Substances in Switzerland
17.8.3 Existing Systems for Collection and End-of-life Treatments of HFOs
17.8.4 Monitoring systems
17.8.5 Other