LCA on reuse of packaging in the Nordics

Appendix M. E-commerce with baseline RR = 90%

This Appendix presents the results for the e-commerce case with everything equal, just the reuse rate increased to 90%

Reusable plastic system

Figure 32 Reusable system contribution analysis by life cycle stage (total environmental impact) (RR=90%).

Single use plastic system

Table 40 Results from base case “Single use plastic bag system” and “Reusable bag system”. The results are com-pared by the difference between base case results (subtracting the results of the Reusable system from the results of the Single use system) as percentage of the reusable system. The beneficial system per impact category is shaded in light green (RR=90%).

EF Impact category	Single use plastic bag system	Reusable bag system	Comparison and difference between base case results as percentage of the reusable
EF-Acidification [mol H+ equivalents]	1.48E-04	1.80E-04	The single use system shows noticable benefits. (-18%)
EF-Climate change, total [kg CO2-Equivalents]	6.18E-02	6.26E-02	The single use system shows marginal benefits. (-1%)
EF-Eutrophication, freshwater [kg N equivalents]	6.90E-06	9.57E-06	The single use system shows moderate benefits. (-28%)
EF-Eutrophication, marine [kg P equivalents]	3.52E-05	4.38E-05	The single use system shows noticable benefits. (-19%)
EF-Eutrophication, terrestrial [mol N equivalents]	3.45E-04	4.43E-04	The single use system shows moderate benefits. (-22%)
EF-Ionising radiation, human health [kBq U235 equivalents]	3.39E-03	4.49E-03	The single use system shows moderate benefits. (-24%)
EF-Land use [pt]	1.01E-01	2.12E-01	The single use system shows very significant benefits. (-52%)
EF-Ozone depletion [kg CFC11 equivalents]	2.08E-10	7.08E-10	The single use system shows very significant benefits. (-71%)
EF-Particulate matter [disease incidence]	1.78E-09	2.37E-09	The single use system shows moderate benefits. (-25%)
EF-Photochemical ozone formation - human health [kg NMVOC equivalents]	1.65E-04	2.11E-04	The single use system shows moderate benefits. (-22%)
EF-Resource use, fossils [MJ]	1.03E+00	1.20E+00	The single use system shows noticable benefits. (-14%)
EF-Resource use, minerals and metals [kg Sb equivalents]	1.89E-07	3.16E-07	The single use system shows significant benefits. (-40%)
EF-Water scarcity [m3 world-Eq deprived]	2.42E-02	1.95E-02	The reusable system shows moderate benefits. (24%)

Figure 33 Single-use plastic system contribution analysis by life cycle stage (E-commerce) (total environmental impact) (RR=90%).

Table 41 Summary of the comparison “Single use plastic bag system” against “Reusable bag system”. In case the reusable system shows benefits the comparison cell per impact category is shaded in light yellow (RR=90%).

EF Impact category	Comparison and difference between base case results as percentage of the reusable	Robustness of the results
EF-Acidification [mol H+ equivalents]	The single use system shows noticable benefits. (-18%)	medium robustness
EF-Climate change, total [kg CO2-Equivalents]	The single use system shows marginal benefits. (-1%)	medium robustness
EF-Eutrophication, freshwater [kg N equivalents]	The single use system shows moderate benefits. (-28%)	high robustness
EF-Eutrophication, marine [kg P equivalents]	The single use system shows noticable benefits. (-19%)	high robustness
EF-Eutrophication, terrestrial [mol N equivalents]	The single use system shows moderate benefits. (-22%)	high robustness
EF-Ionising radiation, human health [kBq U235 equivalents]	The single use system shows moderate benefits. (-24%)	high robustness
EF-Land use [pt]	The single use system shows very significant benefits. (-52%)	high robustness
EF-Ozone depletion [kg CFC11 equivalents]	The single use system shows very significant benefits. (-71%)	high robustness
EF-Particulate matter [disease incidence]	The single use system shows moderate benefits. (-25%)	high robustness
EF-Photochemical ozone formation - human health [kg NMVOC equivalents]	The single use system shows moderate benefits. (-22%)	high robustness
EF-Resource use, fossils [MJ]	The single use system shows noticable benefits. (-14%)	medium robustness
EF-Resource use, minerals and metals [kg Sb equivalents]	The single use system shows significant benefits. (-40%)	high robustness
EF-Water scarcity [m3 world-Eq deprived]	The reusable system shows moderate benefits. (24%)	low robustness

Figure 34 Production related sensitivity analyses for the e-commerce case (RR=90%).

Figure 35 Use phase related sensitivity analyses for the e-commerce case (RR=90%).

Figure 36 CFF implementation related sensitivity analyses for the e-commerce case (RR=90%).

Single use paper system

Table 42 Results from base case “Single use paper bag system” and “Reusable bag system”. The results are com-pared by the difference between base case results (subtracting the results of the Reusable system from the results of the Single use system) as percentage of the reusable system. The beneficial system per impact category is shaded in light green (RR=90%).

EF Impact category	Single use paper bag system - Base case	Reusable bag system – Base case	Comparison and difference between base case results as percentage of the reusable
EF-Acidification [mol H+ equivalents]	4.42E-04	1.80E-04	The reusable system shows very significant benefits. (146%)
EF-Climate change, total [kg CO2-Equivalents]	1.00E-01	6.26E-02	The reusable system shows very significant benefits. (60%)
EF-Eutrophication, freshwater [kg N equivalents]	1.09E-04	9.57E-06	The reusable system shows very significant benefits. (1038%)
EF-Eutrophication, marine [kg P equivalents]	5.58E-04	4.38E-05	The reusable system shows very significant benefits. (1176%)
EF-Eutrophication, terrestrial [mol N equivalents]	1.61E-03	4.43E-04	The reusable system shows very significant benefits. (264%)
EF-Ionising radiation, human health [kBq U235 equivalents]	-1.86E-03	4.49E-03	The single use system shows very significant benefits. (-142%)
EF-Land use [pt]	1.12E+01	2.12E-01	The reusable system shows very significant benefits. (5169%)
EF-Ozone depletion [kg CFC11 equivalents]	2.86E-09	7.08E-10	The reusable system shows very significant benefits. (303%)
EF-Particulate matter [disease incidence]	6.56E-09	2.37E-09	The reusable system shows very significant benefits. (177%)
EF-Photochemical ozone formation - human health [kg NMVOC equivalents]	5.39E-04	2.11E-04	The reusable system shows very significant benefits. (155%)
EF-Resource use, fossils [MJ]	1.16E+00	1.20E+00	The single use system shows marginal benefits. (-3%)
EF-Resource use, minerals and metals [kg Sb equivalents]	4.12E-07	3.16E-07	The reusable system shows significant benefits. (30%)
EF-Water scarcity [m3 world-Eq deprived]	4.18E-02	1.95E-02	The reusable system shows very significant benefits. (114%)

Figure 37 Single-use paper system contribution analysis by life cycle stage (E-commerce) (total environmental impact) (RR=90%).

Table 43 Summary of the comparison “Single use paper bag system” against “Reusable bag system”. In case the reusable system shows benefits the comparison cell per impact category is shaded in light green (RR=90%).

EF Impact category	Comparison and difference between base case results as percentage of the reusable	Robustness of the results
EF-Acidification [mol H+ equivalents]	The reusable system shows very significant benefits. (146%)	high robustness
EF-Climate change, total [kg CO2-Equivalents]	The reusable system shows very significant benefits. (60%)	high robustness
EF-Eutrophication, freshwater [kg N equivalents]	The reusable system shows very significant benefits. (1038%)	high robustness
EF-Eutrophication, marine [kg P equivalents]	The reusable system shows very significant benefits. (1176%)	high robustness
EF-Eutrophication, terrestrial [mol N equivalents]	The reusable system shows very significant benefits. (264%)	high robustness
EF-Ionising radiation, human health [kBq U235 equivalents]	The single use system shows very significant benefits. (-142%)	medium robustness
EF-Land use [pt]	The reusable system shows very significant benefits. (5169%)	high robustness
EF-Ozone depletion [kg CFC11 equivalents]	The reusable system shows very significant benefits. (303%)	high robustness
EF-Particulate matter [disease incidence]	The reusable system shows very significant benefits. (177%)	high robustness
EF-Photochemical ozone formation - human health [kg NMVOC equivalents]	The reusable system shows very significant benefits. (155%)	high robustness
EF-Resource use, fossils [MJ]	The single use system shows marginal benefits. (-3%)	low robustness
EF-Resource use, minerals and metals [kg Sb equivalents]	The reusable system shows significant benefits. (30%)	medium robustness
EF-Water scarcity [m3 world-Eq deprived]	The reusable system shows very significant benefits. (114%)	high robustness

Figure 38 Production related sensitivity analyses for the e-commerce case (RR=90%).

Figure 39 Use phase related sensitivity analyses for the e-commerce case (RR=90%).

Figure 40 CFF implementation related sensitivity analyses for the e-commerce case (RR=90%).