Appendix A. Questionnaire

Food sustainability understanding Questionnaire 

Introduction and consent

1. I hereby confirm that I have read and understood the above as a condition of my consent to the processing of my personal information for this research project.
2. I do not want to participate.

Understanding of sustainability in general

• Sustainability is about the fair share of resources between us, other people, and the people after us

• Sustainability is about achieving the circular green transition and innovating new technologies
• Sustainability is about treating animals with respect

• Environmentally-friendly, healthy
• Safe, fair
• Circular, innovative

• we live the simple way our grandparents did
• the way we live could be how everybody else on the planet lives
• all current people´s lifestyle allows all children´s children to have a similar lifestyle

• The true secret of happiness lies in taking a genuine interest in all the details of daily life
• Make every decision that we make relate to the welfare and well-being of the future generation to come
• We cannot solve our problems with the same thinking we used when we created them

Food sustainability understanding

• Equality
• Health
• Animal welfare
• Fair wages
• Economic growth
• Culture
• Biodiversity
• Pollution reduction
• Nature preservation
• Climate change prevention

• Ensuring a sufficient food supply for the increasing world population
• Reducing the amount of pesticides used in food production
• Maximum food output with minimal use of natural resources
• Less food waste
• Less energy use when cooking products
• Recyclable packaging
• Minimising carbon emissions when producing goods
• Ensuring fair prices and working conditions for producers
• Reducing deforestation of the rain forest
• Lower prices for consumers
• Healthier food and drink products
• Food and drink safety
• Improving welfare/conditions for animals
• Less energy used to transport products
• Less packaging
• Minimal processing
• Organic production
• Local or short supply chain
• Biodiversity preservation (richness and variety of animal and plant species and agro-ecosystems)
• Availability of food
• Cultural acceptability of food
• Reducing meat consumption
• Do not know Exclusive

1. ‘Healthy eating’ versus ‘Sustainable eating’
2. ‘Economic growth goals’ versus ‘Sustainable Development goals’
3. ‘Environmental goals’ versus ‘Social goals (e.g. gender equality, decent work conditions)’

1. Meat products
2. Dairy products
3. Fresh fruits and vegetables
4. Sweet and savoury snacks

• Mode of transportation (e.g., by plane, by truck)
• Country of origin
• Local
• Energy use
• Type of energy (renewable or not)
• Type of packaging (recyclable or not)
• Climate impact (CO2 emissions)
• Organic production method
• Seasonality Only show for category 3
• Degree of processing
• Social aspects (workers’ conditions; fair pay for farmers)
• Antibiotics use Only show for categories 1 and 2
• Pesticides use Only show for category 3
• Animal welfare Only show for categories 1 and 2
• Nutrition or health-related information
• None of these Exclusive
• I never buy products in this category Exclusive

1. How sustainable is ‘Beef’ versus ‘Chicken’ meat?
2. How sustainable is ‘Tofu’ versus ‘Cheese’?
3. How sustainable are ‘Plant-based alternatives to meat’ versus ‘Meat’?
4. How sustainable is ‘Milk’ versus ‘Soy drink’?
5. How sustainable are ‘Potatoes’ versus ‘Rice’?
6. How sustainable are ‘Apples’ versus ‘Mangoes’?

• Mode of transportation (e.g., by plane, by truck)
• Country of origin
• Local
• Energy use
• Type of energy (renewable or not)
• Type of packaging (recyclable or not)
• Climate impact (CO2 emissions)
• Organic production method
• Seasonality
• Degree of processing
• Social aspects (workers’ conditions; fair pay for farmers)
• Antibiotics use
• Pesticides use
• Animal welfare
• Nutrition or health-related information
• Other

Individual characteristics

1. When humans interfere with nature it often produces disastrous consequences
2. Humans are severely abusing the environment
3. Despite our special abilities humans are still subject to the laws of nature
4. The so-called “ecological crisis” facing humankind has been greatly exaggerated
5. The balance of nature is very delicate and easily upset
6. If things continue on their present course, we will soon experience a major ecological catastrophe
7. If you are paying attention please select the fifth point on the scale

1. Acting environmentally-friendly is an important part of who I am
2. I am the type of person who acts environmentally-friendly
3. I see myself as an environmentally-friendly person
4. I think of myself as the sort of person who is concerned about the long-term health effects of my food choices
5. I think of myself as someone who  generally  thinks  carefully  about  the  health  consequences of my food choices
6. I think of myself as a health-conscious person
7. Making good use of all resources is an important part of who I am
8. I am the type of person who is frugal (economical, not wasteful)
9. I see myself as a frugal (economical, not wasteful) person

1. Thinking up new ideas and being creative is important to him/her. He/She likes to do things in his/her own original way.
2. It is important to him/her to be rich. He/she wants to have a lot of money and expensive things.
3. He/She thinks it is important that every person in the world should be treated equally. He/She believes everyone should have equal opportunities in life.
4. It's important to him/her to show his/her abilities. He/She wants people to admire what he/she does.
5. It's important to him/her to live in secure surroundings. He/She avoids anything that might endanger his/her safety.
6. He/She likes surprises and is always looking for new things to do. He/She thinks it is important to do lots of different things in life.
7. He/She believes that people should do what they're told. He/She thinks people should follow rules at all times, even when no-one is watching.
8. It is important to him/her to listen to people who are different from him/her. Even when he/she disagrees with them, he/she still wants to understand them.
9. It is important to him/her to be humble and modest. He/She tries not to draw attention to himself/herself.
10. Having a good time is important to him/her. He/She likes to "spoil" himself / herself.
11. It is important to him/her to make her own decisions about what he/she does. He/She likes to be free and not depend on others.
12. It's very important to him/her to help the people around him/her. He/She wants to care for their well-being.
13. Being very successful is important to him/her. He/She hopes people will recognise his/her achievements.
14. It is important to him/her that the government ensures his/her safety against all threats. He/She wants the state to be strong so it can defend its citizens.
15. He/She looks for adventures and likes to take risks. He/She wants to have an exciting life.
16. It is important to him/her always to behave properly. He/She wants to avoid doing anything people would say is wrong.
17. It is important to him/her to get respect from others. He/She wants people to do what he/she says.
18. It is important to him/her to be loyal to his/her friends. He/She wants to devote himself/herself to people close to him/her.
19. He/She strongly believes that people should care for nature. Looking after the environment is important to him/her.
20. Tradition is important to him/her. He/She tries to follow the customs handed down by his/her religion or his/her family.
21. He/She seeks every chance he/she can to have fun. It is important to him/her to do things that give him/her pleasure.

Sustainability labelling

1. Sustainability
2. Sustainability related labels

1. I know quite a lot about sustainability labelling in food products
2. I am one of the experts on sustainability labelling in food products among my acquaintances
3. I feel well informed about sustainability labelling in food products

Demographics

• Less than primary, primary and lower secondary education (levels 0-2)
• Upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education (levels 3 and 4)
• Tertiary education (levels 5-8)

• I live in the Metropole and/or Capital city
• I live in a large city
• I live in a (minor) town/city
• I live in a countryside area/not in the city

1. Household adult. How many adults over 18 years old, including yourself, live in your household?
2. Household children. How many children under 18 years old live in your household?

• There is enough money to buy the foods I want.
• There is some need to consider prices, which limits some choices when buying food.
• There is a need to consider prices carefully, which limits many choices when purchasing food.

• I never eat meat, fish, dairy products or eggs
• I never eat meat and fish
• I never eat meat, but eat fish
• Primarily I eat plant based, and low amounts of meat and moderate amounts of fish, eggs and dairy products
• Basically, I do not eat meat, but it happens at special occasions
• I eat no meat once or more days a week
• As a rule, I eat meat each day