Go to content

References

General references

An, F., Earley, R., & Green-Weiskel, L. (2011). Global overview on fuel efficiency and motor vehicle emission standards: policy options and perspectives for international cooperation. United Nations background paper, 3.
Andersson, J. J. (2019). Carbon taxes and Co2 emissions: Sweden as a case study. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 11(4), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20170144
Baranzini, A., van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., Carattini, S., Howarth, R. B., Padilla, E., & Roca, J. (2017). Carbon pricing in climate policy: seven reasons, complementary instruments, and political economy considerations. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 8(4), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.462
Barton, B., & Schütte, P. (2017). Electric vehicle law and policy: a comparative analysis. Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law, 35(2), 147–170.
Bird, T. (2017). Nordic action on climate change. Denmark: Nordic Council of Ministers.
Brynhildur, D. (2022). Towards an Icelandic Sustainable Energy. In C. D. L. Porte, G. B. Eydal, J. Kauko, D. Nohrstedt, P. Hart, & B. S. Tranøy (Eds.), Successful Public Policy in the Nordic Countries: Cases, Lessons, Challenges (pp. 351–368). Oxford University Press.
Bui, M., Adjiman, C., Bardow, A., Anthony, E., Boston, A., Brown, S., et al. (2018). Carbon capture and storage (CCS): the way forward. Energy Environ. Sci.  11, 1062-1176.
Burtraw, D., Keyes, A., Zetterberg, L. (2018). Companion Policies under Capped Systems and Implications for Efficiency – The North American Experience and Lessons in the EU Context. IVL-report C312, available on https://www.ivl.se/
Calmfors, L. and Hassler, J. (2019). Climate politics in the Nordics. NCM: Climate politics in the Nordics, Nordic Economic Policy Review, pp. 7–19.
Cullenward, D. and Victor, D. (2020). Making Climate Policy Work (e-book), pp. 1-182. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Di Lucia, L. & Ericsson, K (2014) Low-carbon district heating in Sweden – Examining a successful energy transition, Energy Research & Social Science, Volume 4, 2014, Pages 10–20, ISSN 2214-6296, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2014.08.005
Dzebo, A. and Nykvist, B. (2015). Regime analysis of the Swedish heating system. Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute.
Engström, M. (2023). Alltinget. Föregångsländer driver på EU:s miljöpolitik. Available on https://www.altinget.se/artikel/foregaangslander-driver-paa-eus-miljopolitik. (Accessed on 30 March 2023).
Ember. (2022). EU Carbon Price Tracker. Database. Available on https://ember-climate.org/data/data-tools/carbon-price-viewer/. (Accessed on 8 November 2022)
European Alternative Fuels Observatory. (2021). Road: reports by country – Iceland and Norway. Retrieved 11 November 2022 from https://alternative-fuels-observatory.ec.europa.eu/
European Environmental Agency. (2020). National Emission reduction Commitments Directive reporting status 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2022 from National Emission reduction Commitments Directive reporting status 2020 — European Environment Agency (europa.eu)
European Economic Area (EEA). 2019. DECISION OF THE EEA JOINT COMMITTEE No 269/2019 of 25 October 2019 amending Protocol 31 to the EEA Agreement.
European Council. (2022a). Fit of 55. Retrieved 20 October 2022 from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/infographics/fit-for-55-effort-sharing-regulation/
European Commission. (2009) DIRECTIVE 2009/29/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 23 April 2009 amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme of the Community
European Commission. (2018). DIRECTIVE (EU) 2018/410 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 14 March 2018 amending Directive 2003/87/EC to enhance cost-effective emission reductions and low-carbon investments, and Decision (EU) 2015/1814
European Commission. (2019a). The European Green Deal. Retrieved 11 October 2022 from https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en
European Commission. (2019b). Taxes in the field of aviation and their impact. Retrieved 29 March 2023 from https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/0b1c6cdd-88d3-11e9-9369-01aa75ed71a1
European Commission. (2022a). Common fisheries policy. Retrieved 16 September 2022 from https://oceans-and-fisheries.ec.europa.eu/policy/common-fisheries-policy-cfp_en
European Commission. (2022b). Common agricultural policy. Retrieved 16 September 2022 from https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/common-agricultural-policy_en
European Commission. (2022c). Biodiversity strategy for 2030. Retrieved 3 November 2022 from https://environment.ec.europa.eu/strategy/biodiversity-strategy-2030_en
European Commission. (2022d). Circular economy action plan. Retrieved 3 November 2022 from https://environment.ec.europa.eu/strategy/circular-economy-action-plan_en
European Commission. (2022e). The Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Retrieved 3 November 2022 from https://ec.europa.eu/environment/marine/eu-coast-and-marine-policy/marine-strategy-framework-directive/index_en.htm
European Parliament. (2018). DIRECTIVE (EU) 2018/2001 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources
European Parliament. (2003). DIRECTIVE 2003/30/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 8 May 2003 on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport
Flachsland, C., Pahle, M., Burtraw, D., Edenhofer, O., Elkerbout, M., Fischer, C., Tietjen, O., Zetterberg, L. (2019). “Avoid history repeating: The case for an EU ETS price floor revisited, Climate Policy. Available on https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2019.1682494
Fossilfritt Sverige. (2018). Aviation industry. Färdplan för fossilfri konkurrenskraft: Flygbranchen. https://fossilfrittsverige.se/en/roadmap/the-aviation-industry/
Greaker, M., Golombek, R., and Hoel, M. (2019). Global Impact of National Climate Policy in the Nordic Countries. NCM: Climate politics in the Nordics, Nordic Economic Policy Review, pp. 157–202.
Hammar, H., Sterner, T., & Åkerfeldt, S. (2013). Sweden's CO2 tax and taxation reform experiences. In R. Genevey, R. Pachauri, & L. Tubiana (Eds.), Reducing Inequalities: A Sustainable Development Challenge.
Hamrick, K. and Gallant, M. (2017). Unlocking Potential – State of the Voluntary Carbon Markets 2017. Forest Trends’ Ecosystem Marketplace 1203 19th Street, NW 4th floor Washington, DC 20036. https://www.cbd.int/financial/2017docs/carbonmarket2017.pdf
Hermwille, L. and Kreibich, N. (2016). Identity crisis? - Voluntary carbon crediting and the Paris Agreement. Report No.02/2016, Wupperthal: Wupperthal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy
Hildingsson, R., Knaggård, Å. (2022). The Swedish Carbon Tax: A resilient success. In C. D. L. Porte, G. B. Eydal, J. Kauko, D. Nohrstedt, P. Hart, & B. S. Tranøy (Eds.), Successful Public Policy in the Nordic Countries: Cases, Lessons, Challenges (pp. 239–256). Oxford University Press.
IETA, University of Maryland and CPLC. (2019). The Economic Potential of Article 6 of the Paris Agreement and Implementation Challenges, Washington, D.C. https://www.ieta.org/resources/International_WG/Article6/CLPC_A6%20report_no%20crops.pdf
International Carbon Action Partnership, ICAP. (2021). EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). Retrieved 2 November 2022 from https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/ets/eu-emissions-trading-system-eu-ets
International Energy Agency, IEA. (2022). Securing Clean Energy Technology Supply Chains, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/reports/securing-clean-energy-technology-supply-chains , License: CC BY 4.0
The International Energy Agency, IEA. (2023). Energy Technology Perspectives 2023, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-technology-perspectives-2023 , License: CC BY 4.0
Johansson, M., Langlet, D., Larsson, O., Löfgren, Å., Harring, N., & Jagers, S. (2021). A risk framework for optimising policies for deep decarbonisation technologies. Energy Research & Social Science, 82, 102297. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ERSS.2021.102297
Karlsson, V. (2021). 15 Reformer för mer grön el. Timbro
Klaassen, Miketa, A., Larsen, K., Sundqvist, T. (2005). The impact of R&D on innovation for wind energy in Denmark, Germany and the United Kingdom. Ecological Economics 54 (2005) 227– 240.
Macfarlane, L. and Mazzucato, M. (2018). State investment banks and patient finance: An international comparison. UCL Institute for Innovation and Public Purpose, Working Paper Series (IIPP WP 2018-01), pp. 7–84.
Komusanac, I., Brindley, G., Fraile. D., Ramirez, L. (2022). Wind energy in Europe – 2021 Statistics and the outlook for 2022-2026.
NCM. (2019), The Use of Economic Instruments in Nordic Environmental Policy 2014-2018. Retrieved from https://www.norden.org/en/publication/use-economic-instruments-nordic-environmental-policy-2014-2017
Naturvårdsverket. (2020). Konsumtion. Konsumtionsbaserade utsläpp av växthusgaser I Sverige och andra länder. https://www.naturvardsverket.se/data-och-statistik/konsumtion/vaxthusgaser-konsumtionsbaserade-utslapp-i-sverige-och-andra-lander/
Nordhaus, W. (2015). American Economic Review. 1339-1370.
OECD. (2011). Environmental Taxation, A Guide for Policy Makers
OECD. (2019). Trade policy brief – Trade and the environment. https://www.oecd.org/trade/topics/trade-and-the-environment/   
OECD. (2022a). "Data warehouse", OECD. Stat (database), https://doi.org/10.1787/data-00900-en  (accessed on 12 September 2022)
OCED. (2022b). Taxation and Environmental Policies. Making taxation and environmental policies mutually reinforcing. https://www.oecd.org/tax/tax-policy/taxationandenvironmentalpolicies.htm. (Accessed on 22 November 2022)
Rinie van Est, (2022). The Success of Danish Wind Energy Innovation Policy: Combining visionary politics and pragmatic policymaking.  In C. D. L. Porte, G. B. Eydal, J. Kauko, D. Nohrstedt, P. Hart, & B. S. Tranøy (Eds.), Successful Public Policy in the Nordic Countries: Cases, Lessons, Challenges (pp. 45-65). Oxford University Press.
Romson, Å. and Forsbacka, K. (2020).).). ‘The Swedish Climate Policy Framework including the Climate Act’ in Muinzer, T. (eds) National Climate Change Acts - The Emergence, Form and Nature of National Framework Climate Legislation, Hart Publishing, DOI 10.5040/9781509941742.ch-007
Sitra. (2023). Green to scale. https://www.sitra.fi/en/topics/greentoscale/
Statens Offentliga utredningar (SOU 2021:48). I en värld som ställer om
Swedish Energy Agency. (2020). Fakta om elcertifikatsystemet. Report EN 2020:3 ISSN 1404-3343.
Swedish Agency of Growth Policy Analysis. (2018). PM 2018:10. Statens roll vid grön omställning genom aktiv industripolitik. Diarienummer: 2016/236.
Swedish Ministry of Environment. (2017). Utredningen Cirkulär Ekonomi, Från värdekedja till värdecykel - så får Sverige en mer cirkulär ekonomi (SOU 2017:22). Available on: https://www.regeringen.se/rattsliga-dokument/statens-offentliga-utredningar/2017/03/sou-201722/
Tietenberg, T. H. (1990). Economic Instruments for Environmental Regulation. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 6(1), 17–33. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/6.1.17
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, UNFCCC. (2015). Adoption of the Paris Agreement, 21st Conference of the Parties, Paris: United Nations. https://unfccc.int/documents/184656
World Bank. (2022). Carbon Pricing Dashboard. Database. (accessed on 15 November 2022), https://carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org/map_data
Zachman, G., Serwaah-Panin, A., Peruzzi, P. (2014). When and How to Support Renewables? - Letting the Data Speak. In Green Energy and Efficiency – an Economic Perspective pp 291–332. Springer.

Denmark

Danish Economic Council. (2018). Økonomi og Miljø 2018. Retrieved 21 September 2022 from https://dors.dk/vismandsrapporter/oekonomi-miljoe-2018
The Danish Agricultural Agency. (2021). Aftale om grøn omstilling af dansk landbrug. Retrieved 12 September 2022, from https://lbst.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/NaturErhverv/Filer/Tvaergaaende/EU-arbejdet/Landdistriktsprogrammet_2014-2020/aftale-om-groen-omstilling-af-dansk-landbrug.pdf
Danish Ministry of Taxation. (2017). Registreringsafgift for nye køretøjer - satser 2008–2017. https://skat.dk/data.aspx?oid=2236323
Danish Ministry of Taxation. (2018). Kuldioxid - Afgiftens størrelse og beregning. Retrieved September 30 2022, from https://skat.dk/data.aspx?oid=2061405&chk=214955
Danish Ministry of Taxation. (2020a). Kulafgiftsloven - Bekendtgørelse af lov om afgift af stenkul, brunkul og koks m.v. Retrieved september 29 2022, from https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2020/1099
Danish Ministry of Taxation. (2020b). Cfc-afgiftsloven. Retrieved september 30 2022, from https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2020/448
Danish Ministry of Taxation. (2020c). Faktaark. Afgiftsregler for personbiler. Retrieved 31 October 2022 https://www.skm.dk/aktuelt/presse-nyheder/pressemeddelelser/markant-afgiftslettelse-sikrer-775000-groenne-biler/
Danish Ministry of Taxation, (2021a). Genindførsel af afgift på pvc-folier. Retrieved 15 september 2022, from Genindførsel af afgift på pvc-folier - Skat.dk
Danish Ministry of Taxation, (2021b). Bekæmpelsesmiddelafgiftsloven. Retrieved 19 september 2022, from https://www.skm.dk/skattetal/satser/satser-og-beloebsgraenser-i-lovgivningen/bekaempelsesmiddelafgiftsloven
Danish Ministry of Taxation, (2021c). Kvælstofafgiftsloven. Retrieved 21 september 2022, from https://skat.dk/data.aspx?oid=1921425&chk=217272
Danish Ministry of Taxation, (2021d). Affald. Retrieved 15 September 2022, from https://skat.dk/data.aspx?oid=1921382&chk=217272
Danish Ministry of Taxation. (2021e). Afgiftssatsen på råstoffer. Retrieved 12 September 2022, from E.A.7.4.5 Afgiftens størrelse og beregning - Skat.dk
Danish Ministry of Taxation. (2021f). Afgiftssatserne på svovl og svovldioxid. Retrieved 29 September 2022, from https://skat.dk/data.aspx?oid=1946610&chk=217272
Danish Ministry of Taxation. (2021g). Batteriafgiftsloven. Retrieved 29 September 2022, from Batteriafgiftsloven | Skatteministeriet (skm.dk)
Danish Ministry of Taxation. (2021h). Emballager, poser, engangsservice og pvc-folier. Retrieved 10 October 2022, from E.A.7.1 Emballager, poser, engangsservice og pvc-folier - Skat.dk
Danish Ministry of Taxation. (2021i). Kvælstofoxider, NOX-afgift. Retrieved 10 October 2022, from E.A.7.20.6 Afgiftens størrelse og beregning - Skat.dk
Danish Ministry of Taxation. (2022a). Affalds- og råstofafgiftsloven. Retrieved 15 September 2022, from https://www.skm.dk/skattetal/satser/satser-og-beloebsgraenser-i-lovgivningen/affalds-og-raastofafgiftsloven
Danish Ministry of Taxation. (2022b). Vandafgiftsloven. Retrieved 12 September 2022, from http://www.skm.dk/skattetal/satser/satser-og-beloebsgraenser/vandafgiftsloven
Danish Ministry of Taxation. (2022c). Indeksering af energiafgifter. Retrieved 29 September 2022, from https://www.skm.dk/skattetal/satser/regulering-af-beloebsgraenser/indeksering-af-energiafgifter/
Danish Ministry of Taxation. (2022d). CO2-afgiftsloven. Retrieved 29 September 2022, from https://www.skm.dk/skattetal/satser/satser-og-beloebsgraenser-i-lovgivningen/co2-afgiftsloven/
Danish Ministry of Taxation. (2022e). Betaling af og satser for registreringsafgift. Retrieved 31 October 2022, from https://skat.dk/data.aspx?oid=2234529
Danish Ministry of Taxation. (2022f). Periodiske afgifter - vægtafgift, grøn ejerafgift, CO2-ejerafgift og andre afgifter. Retrieved 31 October 2022, from https://skat.dk/data.aspx?oid=2234535
Elbilviden.dk. (2022). Registreringsafgift. Retrieved 21 October 2022 from  https://elbilviden.dk/offentlig/hvad-koster-en-elbil/registreringsafgift/
Ministry of climate, energy and utilities. (2018). Energy agreement. Retrieved 29 September 2022, from https://en.kefm.dk/energy/energy-and-climate-agreements
Ministry of climate, energy and utilities. (2019). Denmark’s Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan. Retrieved 1 November 2022 from https://energy.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2020-01/dk_final_necp_main_en_0.pdf
Ministry of climate, energy and utilities. (2020). Energy agreement. Retrieved 1 November 2022, from https://en.kefm.dk/energy/energy-and-climate-agreements
Ministry of Environment. (2021). Handlingsplan for cirkulær økonomi. Retrieved 15 August 2022, from https://mim.dk/miljoe/handlingsplan-for-cirkulaer-oekonomi/
Ministry of Environment. (2020). Evaluering af den omlagte pesticidafgift. Retrieved september 19 2022, from https://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publikationer/2019/10/978-87-7038-116-1.pdf
Ministry of food, agriculture and fisheries. (2021a). Landdistriktsprogrammet 2014-2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022 from https://lbst.dk/tvaergaaende/eu-reformer/landbrugsreformen-2014-2022/landdistriktsprogrammet-2014-2022/#c96265
Ministry of Finance. (2020). Faktaark. Grøn omstilling af vejtransporten. Retrieved 20 October 2022 from https://fm.dk/nyheder/nyhedsarkiv/2020/december/groen-vejtransportaftale-massiv-co2-reduktion-og-ambition-om-1-mio-groenne-biler-i-2030/.
NCM. (2019). Use of Economic Instruments in Nordic Environmental Policy 2014–2017. TemaNord 2019:541. https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:norden:org:diva-5759  
Retsinformation. (2020a). Bekendtgørelse af lov om afgift af visse klorerede opløsningsmidler). Retrieved 15 September 2022, from Opløsningsmiddelafgiftsloven (retsinformation.dk)
Retsinformation. (2020b). Lov om afgift af polyvinylklorid og ftalater. Retrieved 15 September 2022, from Pvc-afgiftsloven (retsinformation.dk)
Retsinformation. (2020c). Kvælstofafgiftsloven. Retrieved 21 September 2022, from https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2020/1098
Retsinformation. (2019a). Mineralsk fosfor i foderfosfat. Retrieved 21 September 2022, from https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2019/270
Retsinformation. (2019b). Bilskrotbekendtgørelsen. Retrieved 21 September 2022, from https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2019/1337
Retsinformation. (2021). Lov om ændring af registreringsafgiftsloven, brændstofforbrugsafgiftsloven, ligningsloven og forskellige andre love. Retrieved 31 October 2022, from https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2021/203
Danish Ministry of Taxation. (2020d). Spildevandsafgiftsloven. Retrieved september 12 2022, from https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2020/478
Danish Ministry of Taxation. (2019). antibiotika og vækstfremmere. Retrieved 19 september 2022, from https://skat.dk/data.aspx?oid=1921431&chk=215961
Statistics Denmark. (2022a). StatBank Denmark, environmentally related taxes by environmental category and time, MREG21. Retrieved 7 September 2022 from www.statistikbanken.dk/MREG21
Statistics Denmark. (2022b). StatBank Denmark, Environmental transfers by environmental category and time, MMS1, Retrieved 7 September 2022 from www.statistikbanken.dk/MMS1
Statistics Denmark. (2022c). StatBank Denmark, Waste generation by industry, kind of treatment, waste category and time, Retrieved 12 September 2022 from www.statistikbanken.dk/Affald
State of Green. (2020). Denmark’s Green Future Fund to boost green solutions. Retrieved 22 September 2022 from https://stateofgreen.com/en/news/denmarks-green-future-fund-to-boost-green-solutions/

Finland 

HSY, Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority. (2022). Water and sewers. Water rates. Retrieved 22 September 2022 from https://hsyk01mstrxfa10prod.dxcloud.episerver.net/en/water-and-sewers/water-rates/.
FINAVIA. (2022). Finavia Corporation. Finavia changes terms of services regarding aviation charges. https://www.finavia.fi/en/newsroom/2021/finavia-changes-terms-services-regarding-aviation-charges?navref=siteSearch
Finlex. (2018). HE 191/2018. Regeringens proposition till riksdagen med förslag till ändring av lagstiftningen om energibeskattning. Retrieved 28 September 2022 from https://www.finlex.fi/sv/esitykset/he/2018/20180191.pdf.
Finlex. (2020a). HE 167/2020. Regeringens proposition till riksdagen med förslag till ändring av lagstiftningen om energibeskattning. Retrieved 29 September 2022 from https://www.finlex.fi/sv/esitykset/he/2020/20200167.pdf.
Finlex. (2020b). HE 70/2020. Regeringens proposition till riksdagen med förslag till lag om ändring av lagen om biodrivmedel. Retrieved 4 October 2022 from https://www.finlex.fi/sv/esitykset/he/2020/20200070.pdf.
Finlex. 2022. Fordonsskattelag. Retrieved 21 October 2022 from https://www.finlex.fi/sv/laki/ajantasa/2003/20031281.
Finnish Energy Authority. (2017). Auktion av utsläppsrätter. Retrieved 4 October 2022 from https://energiavirasto.fi/sv/auktionering-av-utslappsratter.
Finnish Forest Centre. (2022a). Support for private forest owners. Retrieved 23 September 2022 from https://www.metsakeskus.fi/en/support-for-private-forest-owners.
Finnish Forest Centre. (2022b). Afforestation support. Retrieved 23 September 2022 from https://www.metsakeskus.fi/en/forestry-subsidies/afforestation-support.
METSO. (2022). Almost 90 per cent of protection target set in METSO Programme already reached – more funding needed for environmental subsidies and nature management. Retrieved 24 September 2022 from https://metsonpolku.fi/en/-/almost-90-per-cent-of-protection-target-set-in-metso-programme-already-reached-more-funding-needed-for-environmental-subsidies-and-nature-management.
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. (2022a). Support for agriculture. Retrieved 22 September 2022 from https://mmm.fi/en/food-and-agriculture/policy/support-for-agriculture.
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. (2022c). National Forest Strategy 2025. Retrieved 23 September 2022 from https://mmm.fi/en/nfs.
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. (2022d). Forest Strategy to be reformed – National Forest Strategy 2035. Retrieved 23 September 2022 from https://mmm.fi/en/nfs2035.
Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment. (2022a). Renewable Energy in Finland. Retrieved 4 October 2022 from https://tem.fi/en/renewable-energy.
Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment. (2022b). Feed-in tariff for renewable energy. Retrieved 4 October 2022 from https://tem.fi/en/feed-in-tariff-for-renewable-energy.
Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment. (2022c). Energy and investment aid. Retrieved 4 October 2022 from https://tem.fi/en/energy-support.
Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment. (2022d). Energy efficiency. Retrieved 4 October 2022 from https://tem.fi/en/energy-efficiency.
Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment. (2022e). Energy efficiency in awarding public contracts. Retrieved 4 October 2022 from https://tem.fi/en/energy-efficiencyin-awarding-public-contracts.
Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment. (2022f). Energy aid. Retrieved 4 October 2022 from https://tem.fi/en/energy-aid.
Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment. (2022g). Emissions trading. Retrieved 4 October 2022 from https://tem.fi/en/emissions-trading.
Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment. (2022h). Auctioning of emission allowances. Retrieved 4 October 2022 from https://tem.fi/en/auctioning-of-emission-allowances-2013-2020.
Ministry of the Environment. (2021). Annual Climate Report 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2022 from https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/handle/10024/163322.
Ministry of the Environment. (2022a). Avfallslagen och -förordningarna – vad ändras och vad ska jag göra? Retrieved 21 September 2022 from https://ym.fi/sv/avfall/avfallslag.
Ministry of the Environment. (2022b). Extended producer responsibility. Retrieved 21 September 2022 from https://www.ymparisto.fi/en/permits-and-obligations/extended-producer-responsibility
Ministry of the Environment. (2022c). Forest Biodiversity Programme for Southern Finland (METSO). Retrieved 24 September 2022 from https://ym.fi/en/forest-biodiversity-programme-for-southern-finland-metso.
Ministry of the Environment. (2022d). Medium-term Climate Change Policy Plan - Towards a carbon-neutral society­ in 2035. Retrieved 12 October 2022 from https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/handle/10024/164274.
Ministry of Finance. (2022). Energibeskattningen. Retrieved 30 September 2022 from https://vm.fi/sv/energibeskattningen.
NCM. (2019). Use of Economic Instruments in Nordic Environmental Policy 2014–2017. TemaNord 2019:541. https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:norden:org:diva-5759
PALPA. (2022a). Beverage container recycling. Deposit refund system. Retrieved 20 September 2022 from https://www.palpa.fi/beverage-container-recycling/deposit-refund-system/.
PALPA. (2022b). What kind of packaging can be returned? Retrieved 20 September 2022 from https://www.palpa.fi/for-consumers/what-kind-of-packaging-can-be-returned/.
Statistics Finland. (2022). Taxes and tax-like payments, annually, 1975-2021. Retrieved 17 October 2022 from https://pxweb2.stat.fi/PxWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__vermak/statfin_vermak_pxt_127f.px/.
Tax Administration. (2021a). Excise taxation. Retrieved 28 September 2022 from https://www.vero.fi/en/businesses-and-corporations/taxes-and-charges/excise-taxation/.
Tax Administration. (2021b). Skattetabeller för elström och vissa bränslen. Retrieved 28 September 2022 from https://www.vero.fi/sv/foretag-och-samfund/skatter-och-avgifter/punktbeskattning/elstrom-och-vissa-branslen/skattetabeller_for_elstrom_och_vissa_br/.
TRAFICOM. (2022). Fordonsskattens struktur och belopp. Retrieved 19 October 2022 from https://www.traficom.fi/sv/transport/vagtrafik/fordonsskattens-struktur-och-belopp.
Official Statistics of Finland (OSF). (2020). Energy supply and consumption [e-publication]. ISSN=1799-7976. Helsinki: Statistics Finland. Retrieved 29 November 2022 from http://www.stat.fi/til/ehk/2020/ehk_2020_2021-12-16_tie_001_en.html.

Iceland 

Althingi. (1988a). Act No 39/1988 on vehicle tax (and later amendments).
Althingi. (1988b). Act No 50/1988 on value added tax (and later amendments).
Althingi. (1989). Act No 52/1989 on measures to prevent the pollution of the environment caused by single-use beverages packaging (and later amendments).
Althingi. (1993). Act No 29/1993 on Excise Duty on Vehicles, Fuels, etc. (and later amendments).
Althingi. (2002a). Act No 78/2002 on subsidies for house heating (and later amendments).
Althingi. (2002b). Act No 162/2002 on waste product recycling fees (and later amendments).
Althingi. (2003a). Act No 55/2003 on waste management (and later amendments).
Althingi. (2003b). Act No 90/2003 on income tax (and later amendments).
Althingi. (2004a). Act No 32/2004 on municipal water services (and later amendments).
Althingi. (2004b). Act No 87/2004 on Oil and Kilometres Charge (and later amendments).
Althingi. (2009a). Act No 9/2009 on the development and operation of wastewater collecting system (and later amendments).
Althingi. (2009b). Act No 129/2009 on Environmental and Resource Taxes (and later amendments).
Althingi. (2012a). Act No 70/2012 on Climate Change (and later amendments).
Althingi. (2018). Act No 145/2018 on fishing fee (and later amendments).
Althingi. (2020). Act No 76/2020 on the Energy Fund.
Auctions by the Common Auction Platform October, November, December 2021. (2021). Retrieved from https://climate.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2022-03/cap_report_202112_en.pdf
Endurvinnslan. (2022). Information on website. Retrieved from http://www.endurvinnslan.is/
Environment Agency of Iceland (Umhverfisstofnun). (2022). National Inventory Report Emissions of greenhouse gases in Iceland from 1990 to 2020 Submitted under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol.
European Commission. (2021). Auctions by the Common Auction Platform October, November, December 2021. Retrieved from https://climate.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2022-03/cap_report_202112_en.pdf
Financial Management Authority (Fjársýsla ríkisins). (2022). Ríkisreikningur 2021. Retrieved from https://www.fjs.is/media/rikisreikningur/Rikisreikningur-2021.pdf 
Government Offices of Iceland (Stjórnarráðið). (2017). Agreement between the Progressive Party, the Independence Party and the Left Green Movement on collaboration in a coalition government and reinforcing the capacity of the Althingi.
Government Offices of Iceland (Stjórnarráðið). (2021). Agreement on the Platform for the Coalition Government of the Independence Party, the Left Green Movement and the Progressive Party.
Icelandic Climate Council (Loftslagsráð). (2022). Opinber fjármál og loftslagsmál. Retrieved from https://www.loftslagsrad.is/utgefid-efni/
Icelandic Transport Authority (Samgöngustofa). (2022). Tölfræði. https://bifreidatolur.samgongustofa.is/#nyskraningar
Ministry for the Environment and Natural Resources (Umhverfis- og auðlindaráðuneytið). (2019). Bætt landnýting í þágu loftslagsmála – Kolefnisbinding og samdráttur í losun frá landi. (Improved land use for the climate: Carbon sequestration and reduction of emission from land).
Ministry for the Environment and Natural Resources (Umhverfis- og auðlindaráðuneytið). (2020a). Iceland’s Fourth Biennial Report Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
Ministry for the Environment and Natural Resources (Umhverfis- og auðlindaráðuneytið). (2020b). Iceland’s 2020 Climate Action Plan.
Ministry for the Environment and Natural Resources (Umhverfis- og auðlindaráðuneytið). (2021a). Update of the Nationally Determined Contribution of Iceland Communicated to the UNFCCC on February 18, 2021.
Ministry for the Environment and Natural Resources (Umhverfis- og auðlindaráðuneytið). (2021b). Towards Circular Economy. The Strategy of the Minister for the Environment and Natural Resources on Waste Management.
Ministry of the Environment, Energy and Climate (Umhverfis-, orku- og loftslagsráðuneytið). (2021a). Verulegur samdráttur í losun 2020 – áhrif COVID-19 sýnileg. 6 July 2021. https://www.stjornarradid.is/efst-a-baugi/frettir/stok-frett/2021/07/06/Ahrifa-COVID-19-gaetir-i-nyju-bradabirgdatolunum/
Ministry of the Environment, Energy and Climate (Umhverfis-, orku- og loftslagsráðuneytið). (2021b). Markmiðinu náð: Rúmlega 10% hlutdeild endurnýjanlegra orkugjafa í samgöngum á Íslandi. 3 June 2021. https://www.stjornarradid.is/efst-a-baugi/frettir/stok-frett/2021/06/03/Markmidinu-nad-Rumlega-10-hlutdeild-endurnyjanlegra-orkugjafa-i-samgongum-a-Islandi-/ 
OECD. (2017a). Sustaining Iceland’s Fisheries through Tradeable Quotas, Country Study – OECD Environmental Policy Paper No. 9. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/environment/resources/Policy-Paper-Sustaining-Iceland-fisheries-through-tradeable-quotas.pdf
OECD. (2021). Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation 2021. Retrieved from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/agriculture-and-food/agricultural-policy-monitoring-and-evaluation-2021_2d810e01-en

Norway 

Autoretur AS. (2022). Retrieved 14 October 2022 from https://pub.autoretur.no/
Energimyndigheten. (2022). Elcertifikatsystemet. Retrieved 5 October 2022 from https://www.energimyndigheten.se/fornybart/elcertifikatsystemet/om-elcertifikatsystemet/
NCM. (2019). Use of Economic Instruments in Nordic Environmental Policy 2014–2017. TemaNord 2019:541. https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:norden:org:diva-5759  
Norwegian government. (2022). Government tax proposals 2022, Skatter, avgifter og toll 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2022 from https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/prop.-1-ls-20212022/id2875345/
Norwegian government. (2021). Government tax proposals 2021, Skatter, avgifter og toll 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2022 from https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/prop.-1-l-20202021/id2768694/
Norwegian government. (2020). Government tax proposals 2020, Skatter, avgifter og toll 2020. https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/prop.-1-ls-20192020/id2672425/
Norwegian government. (2019). Government tax proposals 2019, Skatter, avgifter og toll 2019. https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/prop.-1-ls-20182019/id2613834/
Norwegian government. (2018). Government tax proposals 2018, Skatter, avgifter og toll 2018. https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/prop.-1-ls-ls0-20172018/id2574326/
Norwegian Ministry of Finance. (2020). Prop. 1 LS (2020–2021) Proposition to the Storting (bill and draft resolution). Retrieved 20 October 2022 from https://www.regjeringen.no/contentassets/643d38ec7c994b81b359c520502296b0/2021_tax_prop_1_chap_1_2.pdf.
Norwegian Ministry of Transport. (2021). National Transport Plan 2022–2033. Retrieved 21 October 2022 from https://www.regjeringen.no/contentassets/117831ad96524b9b9eaadf72d88d3704/en-gb/pdfs/meld-st-20-national-transport-plan-summary.pdf
Sand, Øystein; Bjørn Gjerde Johansen; Askill Harkjerr Halse; Svein Olav Sæter. 2022. Road Tolls in Norway, 2005-2021. TØI Report 1903/2022. Retrieved 20 October 2022 from https://www.toi.no/publications/road-tolls-in-norway-2005-2021-article37699-29.html
Skatteetaten. (2021). Scrap deposit. Retrieved 14 October 2022 from https://www.skatteetaten.no/en/rates/scrap-deposit/?year=2021#rateShowYear
Statistics Norway. 2022a. Environmentally related taxes by type of tax, contents and year. Retrieved 3 October 2022 from https://www.ssb.no/en/statbank/table/12788/tableViewLayout1/
Statistics Norway. (2022b). Public transport. Retrieved 21 October 2022 from https://www.ssb.no/en/transport-og-reiseliv/landtransport/statistikk/kollektivtransport
The Norwegian Tax Administration. (2022a). One-off registration tax. Retrieved 20 October 2022 from https://www.skatteetaten.no/en/business-and-organisation/vat-and-duties/car/one-off-registration-tax/
The Norwegian Tax Administration. (2022b). Omregistrering (eierskifte). Retrieved 20 October 2022 from https://www.skatteetaten.no/en/business-and-organisation/vat-and-duties/car/omregistreringsavgift/
The Norwegian Tax Administration. (2022c). Weight-based motor vehicle tax. Retrieved 20 October 2022 from https://www.skatteetaten.no/en/rates/weight-based-motor-vehicle-tax/
The Norwegian Tax Administration. (2022d). Air passenger tax. Retrieved 20 October 2022 from https://www.skatteetaten.no/en/business-and-organisation/vat-and-duties/excise-duties/about-the-excise-duties/air-passenger-tax/
Regjeringen. (2021a). Klimaendringer og norsk klimapolitikk. Retrieved 20 October 2022 from https://www.regjeringen.no/no/tema/klima-og-miljo/innsiktsartikler-klima-miljo/klimaendringer-og-norsk-klimapolitikk/id2636812/

Sweden 

NCM. (2019). Use of Economic Instruments in Nordic Environmental Policy 2014–2017. TemaNord 2019:541. https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:norden:org:diva-5759
Regeringen. (2022). Pressmeddelande - Klimatbonusen upphör den 8 november. Retrieved 20 November 2022 from https://regeringen.se/pressmeddelanden/2022/11/klimatbonusen-upphor-den-8-november/
Sveriges avfallsportal. (2020). Avgifter. Retrieved 16 September 2022 from https://www.sopor.nu/fakta-om-avfall/avgifter/.
Swedish Board of Agriculture. (2022a). Investeringsstöd för förnybar energi. Retrieved 6 October 2022 from https://jordbruksverket.se/stod/fornybar-energi/investeringsstod-for-fornybar-energi.
Swedish Board of Agriculture. (2022b). Investeringsstöd för biogas. Retrieved 6 October 2022 from https://jordbruksverket.se/stod/fornybar-energi/investeringsstod-for-biogas.
Swedish Board of Agriculture. (2022c). Gödselgasstöd. Retrieved 6 October 2022 from https://jordbruksverket.se/stod/fornybar-energi/godselgasstod.
Swedish Board of Agriculture. (2022d). Stöd för havsmiljö och bevarandeåtgärder. Retrieved 6 October 2022 from https://jordbruksverket.se/stod/fiske-och-vattenbruk/havsmiljo-och-bevarandeatgarder.
Swedish Board of Agriculture. (2022e). Stöd till vattenbruk. Retrieved 6 October 2022 from https://jordbruksverket.se/stod/fiske-och-vattenbruk/vattenbruk.
Swedish Board of Agriculture. (2022f). Stöd till fiske. Retrieved 6 October 2022 from https://jordbruksverket.se/stod/fiske-och-vattenbruk/fiske.
Swedish Energy Agency. (2022a). Industriklivet. Retrieved 6 October 2022 from https://www.energimyndigheten.se/forskning-och-innovation/forskning/industri/industriklivet/
Swedish Energy Agency. (2022b). Industrial leap. Retrieved 20 October 2022 from https://www.energimyndigheten.se/en/innovations-r--d/energyintensive-industry/the-industrial-leap/
Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. (2019). Elcykling – vem, hur och varför? En utvärdering med elfordonspremien som utgångspunkt. Retrieved 21 October 2022 from https://www.naturvardsverket.se/globalassets/media/publikationer-pdf/6800/978-91-620-6894-3.pdf.
Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. (2021). Report for Sweden on climate policies and measures and on projections. Retrieved 4 October 2022 from https://www.naturvardsverket.se/contentassets/caf14fb0008a41d29b9d51228f874fcb/report-sweden-march-2021.pdf .
Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. (2022a). Producentansvar – från resurser i avfall till cirkulär ekonomi. Retrieved 16 September 2022 from https://www.naturvardsverket.se/amnesomraden/avfall/pagaende-arbeten/producentansvar-for-att-forebygga-avfall/.
Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. (2022b). Ladda bilen. Retrieved 21 October 2022 from https://www.naturvardsverket.se/bidrag/ladda-bilen/.
Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. (2022c). Sweden’s Climate Act and Climate Policy Framework. Retrieved 19 December 2022 from https://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/topics/climate-transition/sveriges-klimatarbete/swedens-climate-act-and-climate-policy-framework/.
Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management. (2021). Årsredovisning 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2022 from https://www.havochvatten.se/download/18.14d5646f17f09766ad46b27a/1645708232516/arsredovisning-hav-2021.pdf.
Swedish Tax Agency. (2022a). Skattesatser för tidigare år. Retrieved 15 September 2022 from https://www.skatteverket.se/foretag/skatterochavdrag/punktskatter/energiskatter/skattpael.4.15532c7b1442f256bae5e4c.html?q=skattesatser+el
Swedish Tax Agency. (2022b). Skatt på avfall. Retrieved 16 September 2022 from https://www.skatteverket.se/foretag/skatterochavdrag/punktskatter/avfallsskatt.4.18e1b10334ebe8bc80002886.html
Swedish Tax Agency. (2022c). Avfallsförbränningsskatt. Retrieved 16 September 2022 from https://skatteverket.se/foretag/skatterochavdrag/punktskatter/avfallsforbranningsskatt.4.7eada0316ed67d728244a8.html
Swedish Tax Agency. (2022e). Skatt på naturgrus. Retrieved 6 October 2022 from https://www.skatteverket.se/foretagochorganisationer/skatter/punktskatter/naturgrus.4.18e1b10334ebe8bc80005337.html.
Swedish Tax Agency. (2022f). Skatt på bekämpningsmedel. Retrieved 6 October 2022 from https://www.skatteverket.se/foretag/skatterochavdrag/punktskatter/bekampningsmedel.4.18e1b10334ebe8bc80005054.html.
Swedish Tax Agency. (2022g). Skattesatser och exempel på hur skatten beräknas. Retrieved 7 October 2022 from https://www.skatteverket.se/foretagochorganisationer/skatter/punktskatter/kemikalieskatt/skattesatserochexempelpahurskattenberaknas.4.5c1163881590be297b517599.html.
Swedish Tax Agency. (2022h). Ger arbetet rätt till rutavdrag? Retrieved 7 October 2022 from https://skatteverket.se/foretag/skatterochavdrag/rotochrut/gerarbetetratttillrutavdrag.4.2ef18e6a125660db8b080001531.html.
Swedish Tax Agency. (2022i). Reparationer av vissa varor. Retrieved 7 October 2022 from https://www4.skatteverket.se/rattsligvagledning/edition/2022.11/355538.html.
Swedish Tax Agency. (2022j). Fordonsskattetabeller. Retrieved 22 October 2022 from https://www.skatteverket.se/download/18.1df9c71e181083ce6f610e/1654003273002/Fordonsskattetabeller-220601.pdf.
Swedish Tax Agency. (2022l). Vägavgift för svenska tunga fordon. Retrieved 22 October 2022 from https://www.skatteverket.se/skatter/vagavgifter/vagavgifter.4.18e1b10334ebe8bc8000899.html.
Swedish Transport Agency. (2019). Vägavgifterna för tunga fordon höjs och miljödifferentieras. Retrieved 22 October 2022 https://www.transportstyrelsen.se/sv/Nyhetsarkiv/2019/vagavgifterna-for-tunga-fordon-hojs-och-miljodifferentieras/.
Swedish Transport Agency. (2022a). The bonus malus system. Retrieved 22 October 2022 from https://www.transportstyrelsen.se/en/road/Vehicles/bonus-malus/.
Swedish Transport Agency. (2022b). Vägavgift för tunga fordon. Retrieved 22 October 2022 from https://www.transportstyrelsen.se/sv/vagtrafik/Fordon/Vagavgift-for-tunga-fordon/.
Swedish Transport Agency. (2022c). Vägavgift för tunga fordon. Retrieved 22 October 2022 from https://www.transportstyrelsen.se/sv/vagtrafik/Trangselskatt/.
Swedish Water and Wastewater Association. (2021). VA-taxa. Retrieved 16 September 2022 from https://www.svensktvatten.se/vattentjanster/organisation-och-juridik/va-taxa/
Swedish Water and Wastewater Association. (2022). Taxeundersökning. Retrieved 8 December 2022 from https://www.svensktvatten.se/vattentjanster/organisation-och-juridik/va-statistik/taxeundersokning/
Woodhead Publishing. (2023). Lockhart and Wiseman' s Crop Husbandry Including Grassland (Tenth Edition). Pp. 81-114. Retrieved 23 Mars 2023 from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323857024000145