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PART 1 – THE USE OF ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS IN THE NORDIC COUNTRIES 2018–2021
Use of Economic Instruments in Nordic Environmental Policy 2018–2021
About this publication
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Preface
Executive Summary
Introduction
PART 1: THE USE OF ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS IN THE NORDIC COUNTRIES 2018–2021
1. International policy and central developments in Nordic environmental policy 2018–2021
1.1 Relevant international policy 2018–2021
1.2 Revenues from national environmental taxes in the Nordic countries
2. Denmark
2.1 Energy, greenhouse gases and air pollution
2.2 Water
2.3 Waste
2.4 Transport
2.5 Agriculture and natural resources
3. Finland
3.1 Energy, greenhouse gases and air pollution
3.2 Water
3.3 Waste
3.4 Transport
3.5 Agriculture and natural resources
4. Iceland
4.1 Energy, greenhouse gases and air pollution
4.2 Water
4.3 Waste
4.4 Transport
4.5 Agriculture and natural resources
5. Norway
5.1 Energy, greenhouse gases and air pollution
5.2 Water
5.3 Waste
5.4 Transport
5.5 Agriculture and natural resources
6. Sweden
6.1 Energy, greenhouse gases and air pollution
6.2 Water
6.3 Waste
6.4 Transport
6.5 Agriculture and natural resources
PART 2 – OVERVIEW OF POLICES AND INSTRUMENTS TO PROMOTE CLEAN TECHNOLOGIES IN THE NORDIC COUNTRIES
7. Economic instruments intended to foster clean technologies across the Nordic countries
8. Similarities between literature and practice
8.1 Market-based strategies
8.2 Direct subsidies, other forms of support and renewable innovations
8.3 Technology-supporting and market-driving instruments
8.4 Criticism and obstacles
8.5 Conclusion
9. Policy instruments needed for implementing a green transition in the industry
9.1 Carbon pricing and complementary policies
9.2 The three domains framework
9.3 Three examples
10. Towards a cost-effective and green taxation system in the Nordic countries
10.1 Cost-effective environmental taxes in theory
10.2 Obstacles for cost-efficiency
10.3 Economic policies for increased cost effectiveness
10.4 Discussion and conclusions
11. Interaction between national climate policies and the EU Emissions Trading System
12. The Nordic regions ability to affect the global environment by promoting clean technologies
References
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