Go to content

References

adelphi & German Offshore Wind Energy Foundation. 2022. Offshore Wind in Germany – Status Quo and Prospects 5. Available at: https://adelphi.de/system/files/mediathek/bilder/221011_I­nput%20Offshore%20Wind%­20WindSeeG_final_0.pdf.
A&O Shearman. 2025. The Tender Principles for the Development of the Belgian Offshore Princess Elisabeth Zone. Available at: https://www.aoshearman.com/en/insights/the-tender-principles-for-the-development-of-the-belgian-offshore-princess-elisabeth-zone.
Anchustegui, I. & Hunter, T. 2024. Offshore Wind Licensing. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Brinckmann, C. 2025. Assessment of the Failed Offshore Wind Auction in Denmark – 2024.
Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie (BSH). 2025. Wind Farms. Available at: https://www.bsh.de/EN/TOPICS/Offshore/Offshore_projects/Wind_farms/wind_farms_node.htm.
BWO – Bundesverband Windenergie Offshore e.V. 2025. Laws & Regulations. Available at: https://bwo-offshorewind.de/en/category/offshore-windenergie/gesetze-und-verordnungen/.
Cambridge Economic Policy Associates Ltd. 2016. Evaluation of OFTO Tender Round 2 and 3 Benefits.
Deutsche WindGuard. 2024. Status of Offshore Wind Energy Development in Germany – Year 2023.
Douvere, F., Maes, F., Vanhulle, A. & Schrijvers, J. 2007. The role of marine spatial planning in sea-use management: the Belgian case. Marine Policy, 31(2), 182–191.
Energy Transitions Commission. 2023. Streamlining Planning and Permitting to Accelerate Wind and Solar Deployment.
European Commission. 2020. An EU Strategy to harness the potential of offshore renewable energy for a climate neutral future.
European Commission: Directorate-General for Energy; Tallat-Kelpšaitė, J. et al. 2023. Technical Support for RES Policy Development and Implementation – Simplification of Permission and Administrative Procedures for RES Installations (RES Simplify): Final Report. Publications Office of the European Union.
European Court of Auditors. 2023. Offshore Renewable Energy in the EU.
Finserås, A. 2024. Comparative Legal Analysis of North Sea Offshore Wind Licensing Procedures (PhD thesis, Bergen).
Finserås, E., Herrera Anchustegui, I., Cheynet, E., Gebhardt, C. G. & Reuder, J. 2024. Gone with the wind? Wind farm-induced wakes and regulatory gaps. Marine Policy, 159, 105897.
FPS Economy. 2023. Belgian Offshore Wind Energy Tenders & Corporate PPAs. Available at: https://economie.fgov.be/sites/default/files/Files/Energy/belgian-offshore-wind-energy-ppa-fo-%20industry.pdf.
FPS Economy. 2024. Belgian Offshore Wind Energy. Available at: https://economie.fgov.be/en/belgian-offshore-wind-energy.
FPS Economy. 2025. Offshore Tenders. Available at: https://offshore-tender-platform-pez.my.site.com/s/?language=en_US.
FPS Health (Federal Public Service Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment). 2023. Marine Spatial Plan. Available at: https://www.health.belgium.be/en/marine-spatial-plan.
Galparsoro, I., Menchaca, I., Seeger, I., Nurmi, M., McDonald, H., Garmendia, J. M., Pouso, S. & Borja, Á. 2022. Mapping Potential Environmental Impacts of Offshore Renewable Energy. European Environment Agency.
Groot, S. & Janipour, Z. 2023. Offshore Wind Tender Design in Need of Overhaul to Meet Climate Ambitions. Rabobank. Available at: https://www.rabobank.com/knowledge/d011389995-offshore-wind-tender-design-in-need-of-overhaul-to-meet-climate-ambitions.
GWEC. 2024a. Global Offshore Wind Report.
GWEC. 2024b. Global Offshore Wind Auction Database.
James, M., Jannusch, K., Koenig, K., McGowan, J., Small, J. & Yahr III, E. 2023. Using Non-Price Criteria in State Offshore Wind Solicitations to Advance Net Positive Biodiversity Goals.
Jansen, M., Beiter, P., Riepin, I., Müsgens, F., Guajardo-Fajardo, V. J., Staffell, I., Bulder, B. & Kitzing, L. 2022. Policy choices and outcomes for offshore wind auctions globally. Energy Policy, 167, 113000.
Johnson, M. F., Gillespie, T., Gilbert, A., Callus, P. & Taylor, C. 2022. Lessons from the UK and ScotWind. Russell McVeagh. Available at: https://www.russellmcveagh.com/insights-news/lessons-from-the-uk-and-scotwind/.
Kusiak, A. 2016. Renewables: Share data on wind energy. Nature, 529(7584), 19–21. Available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/529019a.
Maes, F. 2016. Ruimtelijke planning op zee in België: van plan naar proces en een nieuw plan.
Menon Economics. 2022. Differansekontrakter: Vurdering av innretning av differansekontrakter for utbygging av havvind på norsk sokkel. Menon-publikasjon nr. 137/2022.
Metcalfe, S. & Sasse, T. 2023. The Development of the UK’s Offshore Wind Sector 2010–16. Institute for Government.
Monteiro de Vasconcelos, R., Silva, L. L., González, M. O., Santiso, A. M. & de Melo, D. C. 2022. Environmental licensing for offshore wind farms: guidelines and policy implications for new markets. Energy Policy, 171, 113248.
Moscoloni, C., Carà, C., Novo, R., Giglio, E. & Mattiazzo, G. 2023. Comparison of the European regulatory framework for the deployment of offshore renewable energy projects. Proceedings of the European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference, 15.
Netherlands Enterprise Agency. 2024. Dutch Offshore Wind Innovation Guide – Your Guide to Dutch Offshore Wind Policy, Technologies and Innovations. Issue 2024.
Nieuwenhout, C. 2023. Developing offshore wind farms – a comparison and analysis of the legal and governance frameworks of the North Sea coastal states. European Journal of Comparative Law and Governance, 1-25.
Norton Rose Fulbright. 2023. Global Offshore Wind: Germany. Available at: https://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/en/knowledge/publications/22341fc4/global-offshore-wind-germany.
Nordic Energy Research. 2022. Accommodating Biodiversity in Nordic Offshore Wind Projects.
Nordic Energy Research. 2023. Coexistence and nature-inclusive design in Nordic offshore wind farms.
O’Hanlon, Z. & Cummins, V. 2020. A comparative insight of Irish and Scottish regulatory frameworks for offshore wind energy – an expert perspective. Marine Policy, 117, 103934.
Salvador, S., Gimeno, L. & Sanz Larruga, F. J. 2018. Streamlining the consent process for the implementation of offshore wind farms in Spain, considering existing regulations in leading European countries. Ocean & Coastal Management, 157, 68–85.
Scottish Government. 2018. Marine Scotland Consenting and Licensing Guidance for Offshore Wind, Wave and Tidal Energy Applications.
SSE Renewables. 2023. Position Paper: Non-price Criteria in Renewables Auctions (June 2023). Available at: https://www.sserenewables.com/media/s4ujcww4/sser-position-paper-non-price-criteria-in-renewables-auctions-june-2023.pdf.
Théry, A. 2022. Legal and Regulatory Barriers to the Development of Offshore Wind Farms: A Comparison between Norway and Belgium. UiT The Arctic University of Norway.
UK Department for Business, Innovation & Skills. 2013. Offshore Wind Industrial Strategy: Business and Government Action. London: BIS. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a7ba8ebe5274a7202e18983/bis-13-1092-offshore-wind-industrial-strategy.pdf.
UK Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy. 2019. Offshore Wind Sector Deal. London: BEIS. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/offshore-wind-sector-deal/offshore-wind-sector-deal.
UK Government. 2024. Clean Power 2030 Action Plan: A New Era of Clean Electricity. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/677bc80399c93b7286a396d6/clean-power-2030-action-plan-main-report.pdf.
Vaughan, A. 2018. Green Investment Bank sell-off process “deeply regrettable”, say MPs. The Guardian, 14 March. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/mar/14/green-investment-bank-sell-off-mps-macquarie.
Wind and Water Works. 2025. Offshore Grid Connection. Available at: https://www.windandwaterworks.nl/cases/offshore-grid-connection.
WindEurope. 2022. The Netherlands run another successful auction based on non-price criteria, 16 December. Available at: https://windeurope.org/newsroom/news/the-netherlands-run-another-successful-auction-based-on-non-price-criteria/.
WindEurope. 2024. Negative bidding continues to burden offshore wind development, 25 June. Available at: https://windeurope.org/newsroom/press-releases/negative-bidding-continues-to-burden-offshore-wind-development/.
WindEurope. 2025. Wind energy in Europe 2024: Statistics and the outlook for 2025–2030.