COUNTRY STUDIES

Energy Communities

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Preface Acknowledgements Abbreviations used in this Report 1. Executive Summary 1.1. Methodology 1.2. Conclusions 1.3. Recommendations 1.4. Caveat 2. Introduction 2.1. Purpose of Study 2.2. Methodology 2.3. Definition of Energy Communities 2.4. Context 3. Brief Literature Overview 3.1. Sweco and Oslo Economics (2019) 3.2. The Current State of Research on Energy Communities (2021) 3.3. The NEWCOMERS Project (2019–2022) 3.4. Empowering Citizens for Energy Communities, Interreg Europe (2022) 3.5. European Energy Communities – Interreg North Sea Region (2021) 3.6. Polycentric Energy Governance: Under what Conditions do Energy Communities Scale? (2022) 4. Implementation of Renewable Energy Communities and Citizen Energy Communities in the Nordics and Europe 4.1. Country Specific Implementations in Brief 4.2. Synthesis of the National Legal Frameworks 4.3. Energy Communities in Practice 4.4. Comparative Analysis of Models for Energy Communities 4.5. General and Country/Model Specific Barriers 4.6. General and Country/Model Specific Mitigators for Barriers 4.7. General and Country/Model Specific Enablers 4.8. Drivers for Founders and Members of Energy Communities 4.9. Conditions in Energy Systems that Render Contributions Less Likely 5. Associated Benefits 5.1. Community Members 5.2. Society 5.3. Electricity Market 6. Conclusions and Recommendations 6.1. General Conclusions 6.2. Applicability in a Nordic Context 6.3. Recommendations Country Studies Norway Denmark Sweden Finland Austria Netherlands Germany Example of Energy Sharing in Spain

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