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2. Thriving and digitally literate citizens

For citizens to effectively handle the threats and opportunities online, they need the skills and knowledge to critically evaluate and navigate digital media and information. This requires media literacy in general but also, more specifically, digital literacy. However, citizens also need the tools to control their own usage of online platforms and to help their children navigate online life.

Recommendation 2A – Protect the well-being and safety of children and youth online and push for more general control for citizens

The well-being of citizens, especially children and young people, is a particularly pressing concern. While social media and screen time have many positive effects, it is also associated with risks when it comes to mental well-being in terms of unhealthy comparison culture
Børns Vilkår (2020). Køn, krop og digital adfærd. Hvordan mindsker vi presset på børn og unge online. Retrieved from Børns Vilkår: https://bornsvilkar.dk/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Pres-og-stress-Krop-k%C3%B8n-og-digital-adf%C3%A6rd.pdf
, loss of face-to-face interaction
Ottosen, M.H., Andreasen, A.G., Dahl, K.M., Lausten, M., Rayce, S.B. & Tagmose, B.B. (2022). Børn og unge i Danmark. Velfærd og trivsel 2022. Retrieved from VIVE: https://www.vive.dk/media/pure/18610/14872861
, loneliness
Ottosen, M. H. & Andreasen, A. G. (2020). Børn og unges trivsel og brug af digitale medier - to analysenotater.  Retrieved from VIVE: https://www.vive.dk/media/pure/15089/4329811
, lack of sleep
Ottosen, M.H., Andreasen, A.G., Dahl, K.M., Lausten, M., Rayce, S.B. & Tagmose, B.B. (2022). Børn og unge i Danmark. Velfærd og trivsel 2022. Retrieved from VIVE: https://www.vive.dk/media/pure/18610/14872861
, etc
Medietilsynet (2023). Digitale dilemmaer – en undersøkelse om barns debut på mobil og sosiale medier. Retrieved from: https://www.medietilsynet.no/globalassets/publikasjoner/barn-og-medier-undersokelser/2022/230206_digitale-dilemmaer.pdf
. In general, we also see very low participation of youth in public debate online, with young people themselves blaming the harsh tone in political debate
Zuleta, L. & Laursen, S. K. (2019). Demokratisk Deltagelse på Facebook. Retrieved from Institut for Menneskerettigheder: https://menneskeret.dk/sites/menneskeret.dk/files/04_april_19/Rapport%20om%20demokratisk%20deltagelse.pdf
,
Medietilsynet (2023). Digitale dilemmaer – en undersøkelse om barns debut på mobil og sosiale medier. Retrieved from https://www.medietilsynet.no/globalassets/publikasjoner/barn-og-medier-undersokelser/2022/230206_digitale-dilemmaer.pd
.
Children and youth are more experimental online and are, therefore, more exposed to online harm than adults
Medietilsynet (2023). Digitale dilemmaer – en undersøkelse om barns debut på mobil og sosiale medier. Retrieved from Medietilsynet: https://www.medietilsynet.no/globalassets/publikasjoner/barn-og-medier-undersokelser/2022/230206_digitale-dilemmaer.pdf
, making it problematic when especially younger children have access to platforms and forums that lack robust age verification and parental control by design.
The Nordic countries should therefore strive towards minimising online risks to children and young people as they are the future of our societies and democracies.
We recommend that the Nordic countries push for making platforms legally obligated to offer settings that enable citizens to take more control of their usage of platforms in their everyday lives at EU level. These settings should be guided by a need for the well-being of citizens in integrated online and offline lives, with a particular focus on protecting children and youth, and the well-functioning of our democracies.
We recommend that the Nordic countries establish a specialised Nordic task force to 1) commission a meta-analysis on the potentially damaging effects of social media platforms on citizen well-being and the democratic space, and on this background 2) develop recommendations for Nordic policy initiatives onward.
We recommend that the Nordic countries work ambitiously to protect minors from harmful environments and functions online. This should include applying a precautionary principle when introducing new functions on social media and other digital platforms. In this way, the online platforms will, to a greater extent, have to assess, document and counter possible harmful effects of their services.  
We recommend that the Nordic countries work to introduce a legal demand for effective age verification and parental control as default settings for relevant social media platforms. The policy should be designed by drawing upon the experiences from recent similar policy work in France, Germany and the European Union (i.e., the EU-consent project). The Nordic countries’ policy approach should strive to grant the best protection for Nordic minors while respecting minors’ right to freedom of expression and their right to privacy
CNIL (2022). Online age verification: balancing privacy and the protection of minors. Retrieved from CNIL: https://www.cnil.fr/en/online-age-verification-balancing-privacy-and-protection-minors
. Subsequently, the Nordic countries should work to make such verification part of the common EU agenda and future amendments to the Digital Services Act. Eventually, such verification may be extended beyond verification of age to verification of identity.

Recommendation 2B – Establish an online hub for knowledge exchange on digital literacy

Digital literacy and source criticism are essential for citizens to fully participate in the digital society and to understand the impact of technology on democracy. The high level of personal curation of our online feeds may make it harder to bridge cleavages between differing opinions since we cannot know what information has informed those opinions. This places high demands on individuals to understand the mechanisms curating the feeds.
Through effective digital literacy tools, the Nordic countries can empower their citizens to distinguish between different kinds of information and sources and their credibility and to think critically about why certain information is presented to them in a particular way. Since contextual and technological challenges are rapidly changing, this requires constant updating of digital literacy competencies. Strong and systematised collaborations across countries and actors on digital literacy could help strengthen the impact of digital source criticism and literacy activities.
We recommend that the Nordic countries create and run an open-access online repository for developing and sharing best practices and methods for digital literacy. The hub should have a capacity-building role and create content resources including learning materials and curricula, and provide support and education for teachers, librarians, media professionals and other crucial actors promoting digital literacy.