Appendix I: Key terms and definitions
Doxing
Doxing (from internet slang “dox” as in documents), refers to the deliberate collection, aggregation, and dissemination of an individual’s personal information without consent and with harmful intent. This conduct can cause significant harm. The effects may be long-term for the affected individual. It may also give rise to legal liability for the person responsible for publishing the information.
(Source: Molas, B. 2024)
Hate speech
Under Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, freedom of expression entails duties and responsibilities and may be subject to proportionate restrictions, including to protect public safety and the rights of others. Accordingly, EU law criminalises hate speech that incites violence or hatred based on protected characteristics. This approach differs from the broader free speech protections under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, which can create challenges in regulating U.S.-based digital platforms operating within the EU.
(Source: Car, P. & Immenkamp, B. 2025)
Intersectionality
Intersectionality is an analytical approach that recognises how multiple factors simultaneously shape an individual’s identity and position within societal power structures. According to this perspective, no single factor – such as gender, class, age, ethnicity, disability, or sexual orientation – can be understood in isolation. Promoting equality requires considering how these factors intersect. Intersectionality can be translated as “intersecting differences” or “intersecting inequalities.”
(Source: Hietaharju, A-M. 2026)
Sexual harassment
Sexual harassment refers to any form of unwanted verbal, non-verbal, or physical conduct of a sexual nature that intentionally or effectively violates a person’s mental or physical integrity, especially by creating a threatening, hostile, degrading, humiliating, or distressing environment. It is often linked to gender-based harassment and is considered a form of discrimination under Nordic equality law.
(Source: EIGE 2016a)
Stalking
A pattern of repeated threatening or intrusive behavior directed at a person, causing fear for their safety, including unwanted contact, surveillance, or harassment.
(Source: Merriam-Wester 2026; EIGE 2016b)
Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights (SRHR)
Physical, emotional, mental, and social well-being in relation to sexuality and reproduction, including the right to make informed decisions about one’s body, relationships, and reproductive life, free from discrimination, coercion, and violence.
(Source: WHO 2026)
Appendix II: Expert group
An expert group was established to support the project and to provide country-specific expertise on the topic. The group consisted of six professors from the Nordic countries with interdisciplinary expertise on anti-gender politics. The expert group was consulted on the design of the questionnaire and was given the opportunity to comment on draft versions of the report. A two-day workshop/research seminar was held in Copenhagen in September 2025 to discuss the preliminary results of the survey. The members of the expert group and the author of this report did not participate in the online survey as respondents. The expert group members are listed below. In addition to serving as a member of the expert group, Professor Tuija Saresma also acted as Senior Research Advisor to the author of the report.