Go to content

4. Appendixes

4.1 Terms and abbreviations

TERM
ABBRE­VIATION
EXPLANATION
The citizen service number
BSN
The citizen service number (BSN) is used once only in the registration process, to generate a unique number.
A certificate authority
CA
Trusted entity that issues digital certificates to authenticate content sent from web servers
Citizen Service Number
CSN
The Citizen Service Number (CSN) is a unique identification number assigned to residents of the Netherlands for the purpose of accessing government services and benefits. The CSN is issued by the Dutch government and is similar in function to a social security number or national identification number in other countries.
Country of Treatment
 
Country where the patient receives treatment.
Danish CPR number
CPR
The CPR number is unique to the person and is used in Denmark as an ID number.
Data sharing “on paper”
-
means that at least once in the process some data are shared in any other form than digitally, e.g., verbally, printed, e-mail etc. (digital data sharing is in a machine-readable way).
Digitize
-
Transforming analogue information to digital form.
Digitalize
-
Transforming processes to digital form.
Digital Service Infra­structure
DSI
Digital Service Infrastructure is an Application Component enabling networked services to be delivered electronically, typically over the internet, providing trans-European interoperable services of common interest for citizens, businesses and/or public authorities, and which are composed of core service platforms and generic service
eID infra­structure
-
An eID infrastructure is a technical framework that enables electronic identification (eID) systems to operate securely and efficiently. An eID infrastructure typically includes a set of hardware and software components, as well as standards and protocols for interoperability, security, and privacy.
eIDAS minimum data set
PID
The eIDAS minimum data set (MDS) or Personal Identity Data (PID) is a standardized set of personal data attributes that are required to be included in electronic identification (eID) documents issued by member states of the European Union (EU) in compliance with the eIDAS regulation. The purpose of the MDS is to ensure that eIDs issued by different member states are interoperable and can be used to authenticate users across borders. The eIDAS MDS includes essential information about the individual or entity using the eID, such as their name, date of birth, and a unique identifier.
eIDAS network
-
The eIDAS network is a technical infrastructure that enables electronic identification (eID) and trust services to be provided across the European Union (EU) in compliance with the eIDAS regulation. The eIDAS network consists of a set of interconnected national eID systems and trust service providers (TSPs) that provide secure and reliable cross-border eID and trust services.
eIDAS node
-
An eIDAS node is a software component that provides a secure and standardized interface for communication between electronic identification (eID) systems and other trust services across different member states. eIDAS nodes are used to facilitate cross-border transactions, allowing individuals and businesses to use their electronic identities to access online services in other EU countries.
eIDAS SAML Attribute Profile
-
eIDAS SAML Attribute Profile is a specification that frames how identity transaction (the assertion) shall be managed between the member states (eIDAS nodes) – thus, it leaves it open to each country to decide how eID and node shall communicate.
eIDAS scheme
-
An eIDAS scheme is a framework for electronic identification (eID) and authentication that complies with the requirements of the eIDAS regulation.
eIDAS Unique Identifier
eUID
(eUID) is a unique identifier assigned to each electronic identification (eID) issued by a member state of the European Union (EU) in compliance with the eIDAS regulation. The eUID is a critical component of the eIDAS framework, as it allows different eID systems to identify and authenticate users across different member states.
EUDI-Wallet
-
EUDI wallets provide users with a secure interface to interact with their devices, allowing them to store money or other data. These wallets can also be used as a payment platform by supporting online access from different merchants and transferring funds from one device to another.
Evidence provider
EP
A system, service, or component that supplies evidence or proof of a particular event, transaction, or action. This evidence is often used to verify and validate specific activities, such as user actions, system events, or data transactions.
General Data Protection Regulation
GDPR
The General Data Protection Regulation is a Regulation in EU law on data protection and privacy in the EU and the European Economic Area. The GDPR is an important component of EU privacy law and of human rights law, in particular Article 8 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.
Health Care Provider Organi­zation
HCPO
An individual health professional or a health facility organization licensed to provide health care diagnosis and treatment services including medication, surgery, and medical devices.
Health profes­sional
HP
A health professional, healthcare professional, or healthcare worker is a provider of health care treatment and advice based on formal training and experience.
Identity Matching
-
In this context, identity matching is to be understood as the process when the identity of a person, when using a digital service abroad, is verified through previously registered data in that country.
Internal Market Infor­mation System
IMI
The Internal Market Information System (IMI) is a secure, multilingual online tool that facilitates the Exchange of information between public authorities involved in the practical implementation of EU law.
Level of Assurance
LoA
In the European Union, the eIDAS definition of LoA is used as a criterion to evaluate the strength of authentication methods used to verify a user’s digital identity. eIDAS definition outlines three levels of identity assurance: Low, Substantial, and High.
The eIDAS minimum data set
MDS
Set of attributes that every country must supply for authenticated users and legal entities. Each country must provide a unique identifier per eID that represents a natural person.
Member State
MS
A member state is a state that is a member of an international organization or of a federation or confederation. In this analysis, Member State is a country or overseas territory within Nordic-Baltic region.
Electronic Migration Services
MIGRIS
MIGRIS is managed by Migration Department under the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Lithuania.
National Contact Points
NCP
European networks enabling healthcare providers to mutually exchange medical details. This exchange takes place through a secure connection.
NOBID group
 
Nordic-Baltic eID (NOBID) is a project that is focused on enabling the use of national eID solutions across the Nordic and Baltic regions. The NOBID Group is made up of appointed representatives of the eIDAS implementation in the participating countries.
Nordic Council of Ministers for Digital­ization
MR-DIGITAL
The Nordic Council of Ministers for Digitalization (MR-DIGITAL) consists of ministers and representatives from the Nordic and Baltic countries and works to promote digitalization in and between the countries in the region.
Nordic Council of Ministers
NCM
The Nordic Council of Ministers is the official body for inter-governmental co-operation in the Nordic Region. It seeks Nordic solutions wherever and whenever the countries can achieve more together than by working on their own.
Once-only principle
OOP
The once-only principle is an e-government concept that aims to ensure that citizens, institutions, and companies only must provide certain standard information to the authorities and administrations once.
Once-Only Technical System
OOTS
OOTS enables the sharing of information between public administrations across borders between EU countries. It is cross-sectorial and can be expanded beyond the current scope of life events set out in the Single Digital Gateway Regulation. It puts into practice the Once-Only Principle, which states that citizens should not be forced to provide information to authorities if another authority already holds that information in electronic format.
Physical process
-
in this report is referred as the one which requires physical presence/contact of parties in any point of the process
Personal Identifi­cation Code
PIC
A unique code assigned to an individual, often used for identification and official purposes.
Process Happy Path
-
is an ideal and less complicated version of the process, where no interruptions or (almost none) terminations occur.
Public Relying Party
Public RP
is a third-party entity that relies on an electronic identification (eID) system or trust service provider (TSP) to authenticate and verify the identity of its users. In the context of the eIDAS regulation, a Public RP is typically a service provider that offers online services to citizens or businesses, such as financial institutions, e-commerce websites, or government agencies.
Record matches
-
Record matches refer to the process of identifying and validating a user's identity or access privileges based on information stored in a database or system. When a user attempts to access certain resources or perform specific actions, their provided credentials or attributes are compared with the records in the authorization database to determine if they are allowed to proceed.
Returning user
-
An individual who has previously visited and interacted with a particular website, application, or system and is accessing it again for subsequent use.
Security Assertion Markup Language
SAML
In the eIDAS context, SAML is a critical protocol used for exchanging authentication and authorization data between different identity providers (IdPs) and service providers (SPs).
The Single Digital Gateway Regulation
SDGR
SDGR is a European Union regulation aimed at improving the access of citizens and businesses to information, procedures, and assistance services in the EU's Single Market. The regulation was officially adopted by the European Parliament and the Council on November 20, 2018, and it came into force on December 11, 2018.
System Landscape Directory
SLD
is the central source of information on systems in relevant IT landscape.
State Information Resource Intero­perability Platform
SIRIP
SIRIP is the Lithuanian interoperability platform that offers an easy way for public authorities to design, deliver and manage e-services. Many e-services can be streamlined and made available in a user friendly one-stop-shop portal to citizens, business entities and civil servants.
Icon
This icon is used to highlight information in the content
Tax Identifi­cation Number
TIN
A Tax Identification Number is a unique identification number used by tax authorities to track and identify individuals and entities for tax purposes. It is also known as a Tax ID or Taxpayer Identification Number, depending on the country.
Two factor authenti­cation
2FA
Two-factor authentication is a security process that requires users to provide two different forms of identification before gaining access to an account, system, or service. It adds an extra layer of security beyond just a username and password, making it more challenging for unauthorized individuals to access sensitive information.

4.2 Methodological approach

According to the aims of the study, the analysis was conducted in 4 phases (see Figure 23).
fig 23.png
Figure 23 Methodological approach
The objective of the first phase was to align the Tenderer’s and the Client's visions regarding the project's goals and methodology. During the preparatory activities, the alignment of expectations and understandings between the Client and the Tenderer project teams took place at the kick-off meeting, along with the development of a detailed project action plan. The project objectives were also presented to the NOBID group.
In the second phase of the analysis, data collection was conducted, and thkje current situation was mapped (see also Ch 4.5 “Aspects analyzed per country”).
  • The scope of document analysis included several previous studies as well as relevant materials available from public sources (such as documents describing the eID status of member states). The focus of the document analysis was to understand the state of play of processes and solutions for identity and record matching in the EU/EEA.
  • The purpose of the data inquiries was to ascertain the current state of identity matching in the EU/EEA. Additionally, it aimed to determine whether the solutions being used could be applicable in the Nordic-Baltic region. To achieve this, letters were sent to all EU/EEA countries, requesting information about their current solutions and future plans regarding identity matching. From the countries that responded, those with initial descriptions that appeared promising in the context of the Nordic-Baltic region were selected, and interviews were conducted with them to gather further information. For three countries not interviewed (PL, DE, MT), summary information is provided based on a data request for broader perspective.
  • Based on the interviews, descriptions of the best practices used in the field were compiled. Additionally, process descriptions and diagrams were created based on the input gathered from the interviews. The Bizagi Process Drawer was utilized to generate visual representations of the processes. In addition to one generalized identity and record matching process to describe its three phases, separate sub-process descriptions were prepared.
  • As part of the current situation analysis, interviews were conducted with representatives from all Nordic-Baltic countries (10) to gain insights into the solutions currently being used, challenges faced, and future perspectives. The input gathered from these interviews was primarily utilized to describe an overview of the structural issues in the Nordic-Baltic region. See the overview of all analysed aspects per country in chapter 4.5.
It is crucial to emphasize that despite the phase’s title suggesting a focus solely on the current situation, this phase encompassed a wealth of valuable input for TO-BE analysis. This includes gathering best practices from EU/EEA countries, considering stakeholders' expectations, and identifying and addressing structural challenges that necessitate specific country-based recommendations. The comprehensive nature of this phase ensured that the ensuing analysis will be well-informed and encompass a broader perspective of the topic.
In the third phase of the analysis, the information collected in the previous phase was validated, descriptions of identity matching solutions were prepared, and recommendations were developed for both the Nordic-Baltic region and on a country-specific basis.
  • For validating the information collected and the issues identified in the second phase of the analysis, a physical workshop was organized with representatives from the interviewed countries (a total of 21 participants from 7 different Nordic-Baltic countries). During the workshop, the participants were presented with the results of the AS-IS analysis and 10 initial identity matching solutions, which were developed because of individual expert work. To gather feedback on the initial solutions, workshop participants were asked to vote for each solution using a 5-point rating system.
  • Considering the feedback from the physical workshop, the project team, because of individual expert work, selected four out of the initial ten solutions. The chosen solutions chosen by the expert team also had the highest scores based on the feedback collected during the physical workshop. To gather feedback and confirm the most promising solutions for further in-depth analysis, a virtual workshop was conducted (with a total of 25 participants from 9 different countries). The input gathered during the workshop was also used to develop Nordic-Baltic region-wide recommendations.
  • To develop country-specific recommendations and to gain a better understanding of the situation in each member state, separate interviews were conducted with representatives from all member states. During the interviews, the four most promising solutions were presented, and feedback was collected regarding the feasibility of implementing these solutions on a country-by-country basis.
  • During the third phase of the analysis, the information collected was used as a basis for providing more detailed descriptions of the identity matching solutions. As a result of independent expert work, comprehensive descriptions of the most promising solutions were prepared. Additionally, recommendations were developed for the use of the described solutions, both at the Nordic-Baltic regional level and separately for individual member states. The descriptions of the solutions and the developed recommendations were structured in the "TO-BE" chapter (Ch 3) of the final report.
In the fourth phase of the analysis, the final report was compiled, and feedback was collected on it. Additionally, the results of the analysis were presented at a physical CBDS seminar.

METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES

fig 24.png
Figure 24 Logical flow of information
To ensure the high quality of the research results, the principles of logical flow and triangulation
Triangulation in research means using multiple datasets, methods, theories, and/or investigators to address a research question.
 have been followed when conducting the research and creating conclusions and recommendations.
The principle of logical flow ensures that the research report is logically structured and does not contain irrelevant information. Each conclusion must be based on the analysis, and each recommendation must address at least one conclusion (see Figure 24. Logical flow).

4.3 Sources

  1. Article 12B (2014) Art. 12b Regulation (EU) No 833/2014. Available at: https://lexparency.org/eu/32014R0833/ART_12b/ (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  2. Leyen, U. von der (2020) European Digital Identity, European Commission. Available at: https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/europe-fit-digital-age/european-digital-identity_en (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  3. Glossary: european economic area (EEA) (no date) Glossary: European Economic Area (EEA) - Statistics Explained. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary%3AEuropean_Economic_Area_%28EEA%29 (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  4. European Parliament (2022) Revision of the eIDAS Regulation Findings on its implementation and application. Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2022/699491/EPRS_BRI(2022)699491_EN.pdf (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  5. Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the council on the evaluation of Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market (eIDAS) (2021b) EUR. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52021DC0290 (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  6. Report from the commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the evaluation of Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market (eIDAS) (2021) EUR. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52021SC0130 (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  7. The Nordic-Baltic Eid Project (NOBID) (no date) Digdir. Available at: https://www.digdir.no/digdir/nordic-baltic-eid-project-nobid/1342 (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  8. Single Digital gateway- once only proof of concept pilot project (no date) Nordic cooperation. Available at: https://www.norden.org/en/project/single-digital-gateway-once-only-proof-concept-pilot-project (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  9. Federal Office for Information Security (2017) German EID based on extended access control V2 - BSI. Available at: https://www.bsi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/EN/BSI/EIDAS/German_eID_Whitepaper.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=5 (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  10. Schroers, J. (2023) A unique identification number for every European citizen: The proposal for a European digital identity regulation and what it entails, Verfassungsblog. Available at: https://verfassungsblog.de/digital-id-eu/ (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  11. Rafael CampilloI am a Computer Engineer who loves Marketing (2023) Spanish ID cards, evolution and meaning of DNI 3.0 Fields, Mobbeel. Available at: https://www.mobbeel.com/en/blog/spanish-id-cards-evolution-and-meaning-of-dni-3-0-fields/ (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  12. Spain foreigner identity card (tie) - visaguide.world. Available at: https://visaguide.world/europe/spain-visa/foreigner-identity-card/ (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  13. Bremmers, B. (2023) 2.1 - identity and record matching - Q1 2023, 2.1 - Identity and Record Matching - Q1 2023 - OOTS Technical Design Documents -. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/digital-building-blocks/wikis/display/TDD/2.1+-+Identity+and+Record+Matching+-+Q1+2023 (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  14. Sparks, T. (2020) How to get your spanish digital ID, (barcelona-metropolitan.com). Available at: https://www.barcelona-metropolitan.com/living/settling-in/how-to-get-your-spanish-digital-id/ (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  15. Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, Unión Europea y Cooperación (no date) Digital Certificate. Available at: https://www.exteriores.gob.es/Consulados/toronto/en/ServiciosConsulares/Paginas/Consular/digital-certificate.aspx (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  16. Age in Spain Team. (2022) Digital Certificate - A How to guide. Available at: https://www.ageinspain.org/post/digital-certificate-guide (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  17. Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, Unión Europea y Cooperación. Employee visa. Available at: https://www.exteriores.gob.es/Consulados/londres/en/ServiciosConsulares/Paginas/Consular/Visado-de-trabajo-por-cuenta-ajena.aspx (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  1. A full guide on residency and Nationality Options in Spain (2023) CostaLuz Lawyers. Available at: https://costaluzlawyers.es/for-you/a-full-guide-on-residency-and-nationality-options-in-spain/ (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  2. Castro, M.L. (2023) FAQ Guide to the new digital nomad visa in Spain, CostaLuz Lawyers. Available at: https://costaluzlawyers.es/blog/faq-guide-to-the-new-digital-nomad-visa-in-spain/ (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  3. Chamber of Deputies (2013) Law of 19 June 2013 relating to the identification of natural persons. Available at: https://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/loi/2013/06/19/n3/jo (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  4. Lemoine, F., Bellwald , C. and Keereman, C. (2022) Registration of luxembourg national identification numbers (Numéro de matricule) with the Luxembourg Register of Commerce and companies - shareholders - Luxembourg, Registration Of Luxembourg National Identification Numbers (Numéro De Matricule) With The Luxembourg Register Of Commerce And Companies - Shareholders - Luxembourg. Available at: https://www.mondaq.com/shareholders/1190004/registration-of-luxembourg-national-identification-numbers-numro-de-matricule-with-the-luxembourg-register-of-commerce-and-companies (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  5. eIDAS.eID Network. Information about the national identification number. Available at: https://eIDAS.services-publics.lu/cisie-sp/initRegistration?req_lang=en (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  6. Council of the European Union (2023) PRADO - Public Register of Authentic identity and travel Documents Online. Available at: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/prado/en/prado-start-page.html (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  7. European e-Justice Portal (2020) Interconnection of EU Business Registers, Business registers at European level. Available at: https://e-justice.europa.eu/content_business_registers_at_european_level-105-en.do (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  8. Welling de Arruda, A. (2022) Dutch identity matching: The Devil’s in the details, TU Delft Repositories. Available at: https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A5d52babb-c6b0-4c96-8f93-8f3129ba448d (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  9. The Norwegian Tax Administration. Id checks. Available at: https://www.skatteetaten.no/en/person/national-registry/identitetsnummer/id-kontroll/ (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  10. Finanstilsynet (2022) The AML legislation and requirements for valid proof of identity. Available at: https://www.finanstilsynet.no/en/topics/money-laundering-and-financing-of-terrorism/the-aml-legislation-and-requirements-for-valid-proof-of-identity/ (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  11. The Norwegian Tax Administration. National Identity Numbers. Available at: https://www.skatteetaten.no/en/person/national-registry/identitetsnummer/fodselsnummer/ (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  12. The Norwegian Tax Administration. Changing information regarding your identity in the National Population Register. Available at: https://www.skatteetaten.no/en/person/national-registry/change/information-regarding-your-identity/ (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  13. Fahle, C. (2021) ID control for foreign employees in Norway, Magnus Legal Bloggen. Available at: https://blogg.magnuslegal.no/en/id-control-for-foreign-employees-in-norway (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  14. EASi ja KredExi ühendasutus (2022) Residency - e-estonia. Available at: https://e-estonia.com/solutions/e-identity/e-residency/ (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  15. Siseministeerium (2023) Personal Identification Code, Estonian Population Register. Available at: https://www.siseministeerium.ee/en/activities/population-procedures/population-register#personal-identificat (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  16. Republic of Estonia e-residency (2023) Who is eligible – knowledge base. Available at: https://learn.e-resident.gov.ee/hc/en-us/articles/360000625078-Who-is-eligible (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  17. Police and Border Guard Board. Frequently asked questions - E-resident’s digital ID. Available at: https://www.politsei.ee/en/instructions/e-resident-s-digital-id/frequently-asked-questions (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  18. Shabbir, N. (2014) Estonia offers e-residency to foreigners, The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/26/estonia-offers-e-residency-to-world-what-does-it-mean (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  19. Republic of Estonia e-residency. How to apply + FAQ – knowledge base. Available at: https://learn.e-resident.gov.ee/hc/en-us/articles/360000633237-How-to-apply-FAQ (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  20. Republic of Estonia e-residency (2023) Become an E-resident of Estonia: How to apply. Available at: https://www.e-resident.gov.ee/become-an-e-resident (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  21. European Commission (2023) Eidas regulation, Shaping Europe’s digital future. Available at: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/eIDAS-regulation (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  22. European Parliament (2022) Revision of the eIDAS Regulation: Findings on its implementation and application, Think Tank | European Parliament. Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EPRS_BRI(2022)699491 (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  23. Vihma, P. (2022) The (bumpy) road to european digital identity - e-estonia, e-Estonia. Available at: https://e-estonia.com/the-bumpy-road-to-european-digital-identity (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  24. Vercruysse, W. (2023) 2.1 - identity and record matching - Q3 2022, OOTS Technical Design Documents. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/digital-building-blocks/wikis/display/TDD/2.1+-+Identity+and+Record+Matching+-+Q3+2022 (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  25. Ministry of Finance (2021) Single Digital Gateway, Ministry of Finance - gov.pl website. Available at: https://www.gov.pl/web/finance/single-digital-gateway (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  26. Information System Authority (2022) Your Europe and the Single Digital Gateway of the European Union, Single Digital Gateway of the European Union (SDG). Available at: https://www.ria.ee/en/state-information-system/data-exchange-platforms/single-digital-gateway-european-union-sdg (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  27. TOOP Project (2018) Single Digital Gateway comes into force!, TOOP.EU. Available at: https://toop.eu/node/280 (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  28. Agency for Digital Government. Single Digital Gateway Regulation. Available at: https://en.digst.dk/systems/single-digital-gateway-regulation/ (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  29. European Commission (2020) The once only principle system: A breakthrough for the EU’s Digital Single Market, Directorate-General for Informatics. Available at: https://commission.europa.eu/news/once-only-principle-system-breakthrough-eus-digital-single-market-2020-11-05_en (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  30. Krimmer, R. et al. (2017) ‘Exploring and demonstrating the once-only principle’, Proceedings of the 18th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research [Preprint]. doi:10.1145/3085228.3085235.
  31. Directorate-General for Informatics (European Commission). (2011) European Interoperability Framework (EIF), Publications Office of the EU. Available at: https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/c8d6514e-e729-45a1-81c1-ea3ee811d7a6/language-en/format-PDF/source-search (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  32. Copenhagen Citizen Service. CPR number, International.kk.dk. Available at: https://international.kk.dk/live/cpr-registration-and-documents/cpr-number (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  33. Dahl, A. et al. (2021) Baseline study of cross-border data exchange in the Nordic and Baltic countries, pub.norden.org. Available at: https://pub.norden.org/temanord2021-547/#88558 (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  1. Gupta, V.K. (2022) Luhn algorithm. Available at: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/luhn-algorithm/ (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  3. Registers Iceland. Id numbers, ID numbers | Þjóðskrá. Available at: https://www.skra.is/english/people/my-registration/id-numbers/ (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  5. Environment agency National Registration Office and TAKS. Information on Tax Identification Numbers – Faroe Islands. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/tax/automatic-exchange/crs-implementation-and-assistance/tax-identification-numbers/ (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  6. Agency for Digital Government (2022) Introduction to the Swedish eID Framework. Available at: https://docs.swedenconnect.se/technical-framework/latest/00_-_Swedish_eID_Framework_-_Introduction.html (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  7. Directorate of Internal Revenue. Iceland - Information on Tax Identification Numbers. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/tax/automatic-exchange/crs-implementation-and-assistance/tax-identification-numbers/ (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  8. Nordic Statistics database (2022) Who goes where in the Nordic region? Available at: https://www.nordicstatistics.org/news/who-goes-where-in-the-nordic-region/ (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  9. European Network of Information Centres in the European Region (ENIC) and National Academic Recognition Information Centres in the European Union (NARIC). Professional recognition - Enic-Naric. Available at: https://www.enic-naric.net/page-professional-recognition#:~:text=Professional%20recognition%20is%20the%20recognition,regulated%20in%20the%20host%20country (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  10. The European Parliament and The Council of the European Union (2005) DIRECTIVE 2005/36/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 7 September 2005 on the recognition of professional qualifications. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32022R0720 (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  1. European Network of Information Centres in the European Region (ENIC) and National Academic Recognition Information Centres in the European Union (NARIC). about the ENIC-NARIC networks. Available at: https://www.enic-naric.net/page-homepage (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  2. European Commission. Internal Market Information System, IMI-Net Homepage. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/imi-net/index_en.htm (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  3. Council of Europe. Lisbon recognition convention, Higher education and research. Available at: https://www.coe.int/en/web/higher-education-and-research/lisbon-recognition-convention (Accessed: 04 August 2023).
  4. Hännikäinen, H. et al. (2019) Nordic Work Mobility and Labour Market – for Professional Scientists. Available at: https://www.fin.is/media/utgafa/Nordic_Work_Mobility_190628_Norden.pdf (Accessed: 04 August 2023) doi:10.6027/tn2010-515.

4.4 Participants in workshops and interviews

During the analysis, a total of 46 representatives from 26 different organizations and 13 different countries participated in interviews and workshops.
Name
Country
Organization
Emilie Kristin Pedersen, Sven Rostgaard Rasmussen, Linh Signe Tran Nygaard
Denmark
Danish Agency for Digital Government
Tiia Raudma
Estonia
Estonian Ministry of Education and Research
Katre Pruul
Estonia
Estonian Health and Welfare Information Systems Centre
Enel Pungas, Carolyna Maidla
Estonia
Estonian Population Register
Mark Erlich, Helen Raamat, Silvia Lips
Estonia
Estonian Information System Authority
Stina Avvo, Mait Heidelberg
Estonia
Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications
Jónsvein Simonsen, Janus Helgi Læarsson
Faroe Islands
The National Digitalization Programme of the Faroe Islands
Mervi Kylmänen-Paakki, Kirsi Mikkonen
Finland
Development and Administrative Services Centre (KEHA Centre)
Anneli Kupari
Finland
Finnish Digital and Population Data Services Agency
Erik Frydensberg-Holm
Greenland
The Greenlandic Agency for Digitization
Haraldur Bjarnason, Erna Birgisdóttir, Arnaldur Axfjörð
Iceland
Auðkenni ehf
Jens Svansson
Iceland
Icelandic Tax Authority
Einar Gunnar Thoroddsen
Iceland
Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs
Halldor B. Hreinsson, Júlía Þorvaldsdóttir, Soffía Felixdóttir, Bryndís Bjarnþórsdóttir, Gunnar Geir Johannsson
Iceland
Registers Iceland
Uldis Apsitis
Latvia
Register of Natural Persons
Linda Mikelsone
Latvia
Ministry of Environmental Protection and Regional Development
Vytautas Krasaukas
Lithuania
Information Technology and Communications Department under the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Lithuania
Egle Simukenaite, Jevgenij Višniakov
Lithuania
Lithuanian Information Society Development Committee
Liudas Kanapienis
Lithuania
Ondato
Lionel Antunes
Luxembourg
The Government of The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
Frans Rijkers
Netherlands
Dutch National Office for Identity Data, Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations
Tor Alvik, Ismail Yasir Özcan, Stig Slaatto-Hornnes, Herman Walby, Runar Ugelstad, Oskar Drastrup-Fjordbak
Norway
Norwegian Digitalisation Agency
Jan Olnes
Norway
Signicat
Antonio Skarmeta
Spain
University of Murcia
Maria Engström, Aras Kazemi
Sweden
Swedish Agency for Digital Government

4.5 Aspects analyzed per country

Country
Processes
Best practices
Data requirements
Structural challenges
Germany
 
x
 
 
Poland
 
x
 
 
Malta
 
x
 
 
Spain
x
x
 
 
Luxembourg
x
x
 
 
Netherland
x
x
 
 
Norway
x
x
 
x
Estonia
x
x
x
x
Finland
 
 
x
x
Iceland
 
 
 
x
Latvia
 
 
 
x
Denmark
 
 
 
x
Faroe Islands
 
 
 
x
Sweden
 
 
x
x
Lithuania
 
 
 
x
Greenland
 
 
 
x
Table 18 Overview of analyzed aspects per country
Nordic Council of Ministers I www.norden.org/publications I pub@norden.org