7.1 Systematic literature search
For a systematic screening of publications in literature databases combined search strings were developed consisting of
synonyms for PFAS
AND
synonyms for analytics
AND
synonyms for matrix.
All searches were carried out in the two databases PubMed and Web of Science. The search was limited to results from 2021-2023. The concrete terms used are provided in the following subchapters.
7.1.1 Synonyms for PFAS
PFAS* OR PFCs OR PFAA* OR PFOS OR PFOA OR perfluor* OR polyfluor* OR organofluor* OR fluorocarb* OR fluoropolymer* OR “fluorinated polymer*” OR fluoroelastomer* OR fluorotelomer* OR “fluorinated telomer*” OR fluoro-telomer* OR Fluorosurfactant* OR fluorinated surfactant* OR “Fluorinated gas*” OR “Fluorinated greenhouse gas*" OR F-gas OR hydrofluorocarbon* OR hydrofluoroolefin* OR hydrofluoroether* OR chlorofluorocarbon* OR hydrofluorocarbon* OR ADONA OR GenX OR fluorin* OR TFA OR PFEta OR PFPrA OR PFBA OR PFPEA OR PFHXA OR PFHPA OR PFOA OR PFNA OR PFDA OR PFUnDA OR PFUnA OR PFDODA OR PFTRDA OR PFTeDA OR PFHXDA OR PFHPDA OR PFODA OR PFNDA OR “Triflic acid” OR TFMS OR TFSA OR HOTf OR TfOH OR PFEtS OR PFPrS OR PFBS OR PFPES OR PFHXS OR PFHPS OR PFOS OR PFNS OR PFDS OR PFUnDS OR PFUnS OR PFDODS OR PFTRDS OR PFTeDS OR PFHXDS OR perfluoropolyether OR PFPE
7.1.2 Synonyms for analytics
Analysis* OR analytic* OR test* OR standard* OR method* OR determin* OR investing*
7.1.3 Synonyms for matrices
Searches were conducted for several matrices.
Textiles, leather, apparel, and textile related products
"Textil*" OR "leather" OR "apparel" OR "upholstery" OR "garment" OR "fabric" OR "clothing" OR "outdoor" OR "impregnation" OR "sportswear" OR "clothing" OR "work wear" OR "workwear" OR "personal protection equipment" OR "PPE" OR "gown" OR "carpet" OR "technical textile*" OR "coated fabric" OR "fibre" OR "yarn" OR "medical" OR "high-performance textile"
Waste treatment PFAS articles & industrial waste
"Waste" OR "landfill" OR "leachate" OR "incinerat*" OR "recycling" OR "disposal"
Packaging material, FCM & food & feed processing equipment
Packaging OR FCM OR "food contact" OR "food processing" OR "feed processing" OR "food production" OR "feed production" OR foodstuff OR "moisture barrier" OR "anti-stick" OR Teflon OR nonstick OR "non-stick" OR cookware OR "cook ware" OR "bake ware" OR bakeware OR "baking ware" OR "Board food packaging" OR "Consumer food wrapping" OR "Carton Board Packaging"
Consumer mixtures
“Consumer product” OR “cleaning product” OR dishwash* OR wash OR cleaner OR “cleaning solution*” OR polish OR wax OR “windshield wiper fluid” OR “windshield treatment” OR “floor finish” OR household OR “guitar strings” OR “guitar lubricants” OR “musical instruments”
Transportation, Automotive, Aircraft, Space and Ships
Transportat* OR aircraft OR airplane OR aeroplane OR aerospace OR ship OR space OR “jet engine” OR automo* OR “car” OR windshield OR “wiper fluid” OR “motor oil” OR “air bag” OR “car interior” OR “dash panel” OR “safety restraint system” OR “steering system” OR brake OR “hydraulic fluid” OR gyroscope* OR “Thermal control” OR boat OR watercraft OR “technical filter” OR “fouling” OR “antifouling” OR “UV resistance” OR “salt water resistance” OR “ballast water treatment” OR “desalination of sea water” OR “rupture safety” OR “tear-proof”
Oil, gas and mining industry
“ore leaching” OR “ore floating” OR “drilling” OR “oil production” OR “gas production” OR “oil transport” OR “gas transport” OR mining OR “oil sector” OR “gas sector” OR “mining sector” OR “oil industry” OR “gas industry” OR “mining industry” OR "tracers" OR "anti-foaming" OR "ore extraction" OR "mineral production" OR "oil recovery" OR "gas recovery" OR "enhanced oil" OR "well stimulation" OR "refinery" OR "produced water" OR "oil and gas storage"
Medical devices, pharmaceuticals
“Medical device” OR “medicinal device” OR defibrillator OR pacemaker OR “high dielectric insulator” OR “charge-coupled device” OR “contrast agent” OR “eye drop” OR eyedrop OR “contact lens*” OR pharmaceutical* OR therapeutic* OR retinal OR Dialysis OR catheter OR stent* OR needle* OR “Oxygen carrier” OR “artificial blood” OR angioplast* OR dental OR respirator*
PFAS in electric and electronic equipment including semiconductors
Electric* OR electronic* OR semiconductor OR “semi-conductor” OR “semi-conductor” OR etching OR wafer OR "photoresist matrix" OR “printed circuit boards” OR “Multilayer circuit board” OR Wires OR “Gauge wires” OR cables OR “Flat panel displays” OR Capacitator* OR “optical fiber” OR LCD OR “Tactile sensor” OR “Audio transducer” OR “Piezoelectric panel” OR “Electroluminescent lamp” OR razor OR “Acoustical equipment” OR “5 G” OR “communication equipment” OR “loudspeaker*” OR transductor OR camera OR phone OR printer OR scanner OR satellite OR “radar system*” OR “hard drive” OR “cooling liquid” OR “evaporative cooling” OR “brine cooling” OR “direct contact cooling” OR “total immersion cooling” OR “carrier fluid” OR Photolithograph* OR "Antireflective coating" OR "wind mill" OR "Solar collector" OR "Photovoltaic cells" OR "Heat exchanger" OR "power plant" OR batteries OR "fuel cell" OR "power transformers" OR "Gas insulated equipment"
Flame retardants & resins and industrial applications
"Flame retard*" OR resin OR curing OR "solar collector OR "wind mill*" OR windmill OR photovolt*
Fire Fighting foams
"fire fighting foam" OR "AFFF" OR "firefighting foam" OR "fire"
Lubricants
Lubricant* OR grease* OR lube OR "Friction reduction" OR ball-bearings OR Valves OR “Mold release agents” OR “lubricant additive in plastics” OR “epilames” OR “assembly aid” OR “moving parts”
Construction products
“Architectural membrane*” OR “membrane structure” OR cement OR wire OR cable OR gasket* OR seal OR hose* OR tube OR pipe OR construction OR building OR Skidways OR Bridge bearings OR adhesive OR sealant OR caulk OR paints OR coatings OR wetting OR varnish* OR anti-graffiti OR “PTFE tape” OR "surface treatment" OR "wind turbine blades" OR "solar panels" OR "stain resistant"
Cosmetics
Cosmetic* OR “make-up” OR “make up” OR makeup OR “Personal care” OR hair OR beauty OR "anti-aging" OR "anti-frizz" OR "bar soap" OR cream OR foundation OR blush OR highlighter OR "body lotion" OR "body cream" OR "body oil" OR "brow products" OR concealer OR corrector OR lotion OR "cuticle treatment" OR "eye cream" OR eyeshadow OR "eye pencil" OR eyeliner OR "face cream" OR "facial cleanser" OR "hair creams" OR rinses OR conditioner OR "hair spray" OR mousse OR shampoo OR "hand sanitizer" OR highlighter OR "lip balm" OR "lip stick" OR "lip gloss" OR "lip liner" OR "manicure products" OR "makeup remover" OR mask OR mascara OR lashes OR moisturer OR "nail polish" OR "nail strengthener" OR "nail treatment" OR fixer OR scrub OR peeling OR "shaving cream" OR "shaving foam" OR sunscreen
Production of PFAS, including polymers
“Polymer production” OR telomeri?ation OR polymeri?ation OR “electrochemical fluorination” OR emulsifier OR emulgent OR “side-chain fluorinated polymer*” OR “processing aid*” OR “impurities side chain fluorinated polymer” OR “degradation side chain fluorinated polymer” OR fluoropolymer
Chrome plating
Plating OR “suppressant” OR “chromium” OR chrome
F-gases and refrigerants including blowing agents
"air condition*" OR "refrigerant*" OR "refrigerat*" OR "heat transfer" OR "blowing" OR "propellant" OR "F-gas" OR "greenhouse gas*" OR "HFC" OR "HFO" OR "HCFC" OR "HCFO" OR "HFE" OR "Novec" OR "Opteon"
Treatment of skis
ski OR snowboard* OR snowmobile OR toboggan OR sled OR “Glide wax” OR “anti-icing” OR “impregnation ski” OR "glider" OR "skin treatment"
Flame retardants & resins and industrial applications
"flame retard*" OR "resin" OR "curing" OR "solar collector" OR "wind mill" OR "windmill" OR "photovolt*"
Environmental - air
"passive air sampler" OR "passive air sampling" OR "passive air" OR "active air" OR "active air sampling" OR "active air sampler" OR "outdoor air" OR "indoor air" OR "workplace air" OR air OR "airborne particles" OR filters OR pitchers OR particles
Environmental - dust
"dust" OR "particle*" OR "wipe" OR "house dust" OR "indoor dust" OR "particular" OR "settled dust" OR "PM" OR "particle matter" OR "airborne dust"
Environmental - biotic (Aquatic)
plant* OR algae OR amphibian* OR fish OR biota OR bacteria OR "aquatic organism"
Environmental - biotic (marine)
"biota" OR "seaweed*" OR fish OR "marine mammal*" OR plankton OR corals OR sharks OR seals OR whale* OR penguin* OR jellyfish
Environmental - biotic (terrestrial)
plant* OR animal* OR bacteria OR fungus OR fungi OR archea OR protist* OR human
Environmental - abiotic (water and soil)
"water*" OR "wastewater" OR "groundwater" OR "surface water" OR "drinking water" OR "stormwater" OR "runoff" OR "leachate" OR "seawater" OR "sea foam" OR "*water" OR soil OR sediment OR ground OR earth OR sand OR mud OR waste
Human biomonitoring
"human" OR "biomonitoring" OR "monitor" OR "urine" OR "blood" OR "serum" OR "plasma" OR "hair*" OR "nail*" OR saliva OR milk OR "breast milk" OR HBM
7.2 Additional information on the stakeholder consultation to gather information on ongoing research and development and validation/standardization activities for PFAS analyses
7.2.1 Online survey questions for stakeholder consultation
This is an overview what kind of questions were asked in the online questionnaire. We were interested in new and/or established analytical methods for PFAS analyses and if these might be suitable for PFAS enforcement.
There are two parts of the questionnaire:
In the online questionnaire up to three methods could be reported for each part.
Analytical method is under development and/or is established for research purposes
We would like to investigate whether new methods are emerging that can be used to enforce and demonstrate compliance with current and upcoming PFAS restrictions. Therefore, we are highly appreciating your expert knowledge here!