Three sources of information provided insights into our analysis of the indicators that are currently in use in the Nordic countries to measure the social and civic integration of immigrants. First, we accessed the publicly available databases of the Nordic Statistical Institutes (NSIs) and examined which integration indicators can be found in these sources to civil servants, politicians, and the interested public. We also consulted reports and documents published by the NSIs and from other Nordic institutes specialising on migration and integration to identify additional indicators that are or have been developed and published without being available on the main NSI databases.
Secondly, we conducted interviews with experts working in each of the NSIs to gather information on how and why indicators for social and civic integration are developed, barriers and challenges in developing indicators for social and civic integration, as well as plans and opportunities for the development of additional indicators in the future. Appendix A provides a list of the interview partners from the NSIs, while Appendix B contains a list of the questions which have guided the interviews. Third, we conducted a review of international statistical databases and surveys, including those from the OECD, the European Social Survey, PIAAC, and others. This review helped identify both opportunities and challenges for developing additional indicators of social and civic integration in the Nordic context.