7. References

Aiyar, M.S., Chen, M.J., Ebeke, C., Ebeke, M.C.H., Garcia-Saltos, M.R., Gudmundsson, T., Ilyina, M.A., Kangur, M.A., Kunaratskul, T., Rodriguez, M.S.L. ja Rodriguez, S. (2023). Geoeconomic Fragmentation and the Future of Multilateralism, Staff Discussion Note SDN/2023/001, International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC.

Alcidi, C. ja Kiss-Gálfalvi, T. (2023). Economic Integration during an Age of Geopolitical Instability – The EU’s Search for Strategic Autonomy. CEPS Explainer 2023-09, Centre for European Policy Studies.

Ali-Yrkkö, J., Kuusela, O-P, Kuusi, T.,Maczulskij, T. and Pajarinen, M. (2025). How is Finland responding to the shifts in the geopolitical landscape? (in Finnish). Finnish Prime Minister’s Office publications 2025:4, Prime Minister’s Office, Helsinki, Finland. Downloadable at: https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/166330/VNTEAS_2025_4.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Arjona, R., and Connell, W ja Herghelegiu, C. (2023). An enhanced methodology to monitor the EU’s strategic dependencies and vulnerabilities. Single Market Economics Papers, Working Paper 14, EU.

CRMA (2024). Regulation (EU) 2024/1252 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 April 2024 establishing a framework for ensuring a secure and sustainable supply of critical raw materials and amending Regulations (EU), EU, Brussels.

European Commission (2021). Strategic dependencies and capacities. Brussels, Staff Working Document. Downloadable at: https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/8f76a6dd-ae95-11eb-9767-01aa75ed71a1/language-en

European Parliament (2021). Resilience of global supply chains - Challenges and solutions. European Parliamentary Research Service, November 2021. Downloadable at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EPRS_BRI(2021)698815

Fernández-Villaverde, J., Mineyama, T. ja Song, D. (2024). Are We Fragmented Yet? Measuring Geopolitical Fragmentation and its Causal Effects, NBER, 32638, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, the U.S.

Gopinath, G., Gourinchas, P-O., Presbitero, A. ja Topalova, P. (2024). Changing Global Linkages: A New Cold War? IMF Working paper, WP/24/76, International Monetary Fund, Washington D.C., the US.

Hummels, D., Ishii, J. and Yi, K-M. (2001). The Nature and Growth of Vertical Specialization in World Trade. Journal of International Economics, 54, p. 75-96.

Kuusi, T. ja Ali-Yrkkö, J. (2023). Shock Infections through Global Value Chains. ETLA Working Papers 109, ETLA Economic Research.

Scholvin, S. ja Wigell, M. (2018). Geo-Economics as Concept and Practice in International Relations. FIIA Working Paper 102, FIAA, Helsinki, Finland.

Soo, K. (2011). The Gains from Specialisation and Comparative Advantage. Mimeo, Lancaster University.

Timmer, M., Miroudot, S. and de Vries, G. (2019). Functional specialisation in trade. Journal of Economic Geography, 19, p. 1-30.

White House (2021). Building Resilient Supply Chains, Revitalizing American Manufacturing, and Fostering Broad-based Growth. 100-Day Reviews under Executive Order 14017. Downloadable at: https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/100-day-supply-chain-review-report.pdf