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4. Baseline programme outline

From the environmental impact assessment of seaweed cultivation in the Faroe Islands, and where the impacts are scaled according to their assessed significance, the following baseline programme is suggested. The aim of the programme is to establish data for the natural conditions before any seaweed cultivation activities commence to be able to assess if the level of impacts is in accordance with the expected and that mitigation measures are efficient. Also from the baseline, unexpected impacts can be identified so that activities, mitigation measures, and regulation can be adjusted accordingly.
The baseline programme aligns with the recommendations from the KELPPRO project (Table 3) and in addition includes amendments according to the newest information and weighted towards Faroe Island conditions and natural parameters.
Table 3 compiles the environmental components and parameters to be measured in order to establish a baseline before any activities are initiated, and refers back to the chapter, where the potential impacts are described.
Table 3. Compiled list of environmental components to be measured when establishing a baseline for seaweed cultivation activities in the Faroe Islands to be able to detect potential environmental impacts, mitigate these, and regulate the activities accordingly.
 
Potential impacts
Attributes
Physical environment
Light
Chapter 3.1
Measure for potential shading of phototrophic benthic and pelagic organisms
Irradiance at different depths from surface to seabed
Nutrients and carbon
Chapter 3.2
Changes in concentrations may lead to nutrient depletion and inhibition of growth of natural populations of phytoplankton and seaweed
Seawater concentrations of N, P and C
Hydrography
Chapter 3.3
Changes in water exchange due to seaweed cultivation farm acting as a barrier for water flow and exposure
Current velocity and direction
Wind direction and degree of exposure
Contaminants
Chapter 3.7
Pollution by microplastics in different environmental compartments; seabed, invertebrates, fish, seabirds and marine mammals
If relevant, microplastics abundance (AMAP, 2021)
Organic matter
Chapter 3.8
Driver for changes in benthos community by increased feed and or increased oxygen consumption
Organic matter in seabed
Oxygen conditions
Chapter 3.8
Changes in oxygen conditions from degradation of potential enhanced contribution of POM to pelagic and seafloor habitats
Oxygen concentration and consumption in bottom water and seafloor
Living environment
Phytoplankton
Chapter 3.1,3.2
Changes in primary production and biomass of lowest trophic level as a result of shading and/or nutrient depletion
Chlorophyll a fluorescence
Benthos
Chapter 3.8, 3.9, 3.12
Changes in benthic communities due to changes in POM contribution, habitat creation and/or disturbance from mooring
Diversity, distribution, composition, abundance
Marine vegetation communities
Chapter 3.1, 3.4, 3.9
Changes in natural seagrass and seaweed communities caused by shading, introduction of NIS, sampling of mother plants
Diversity, distribution, composition, coverage, density
Fish
Chapter 3.9
Changes in local fish population due to attraction by introduction of habitat creation and/ or NIS
Diversity
abundance (?)
Seabirds
Chapter 3.5, 3.13
Disturbance from breeding and feeding habitats, mortality from entanglement
Diversity
breeding colonies’ abundance
Marine mammals
Chapter 3.5, 3.13
Disturbance from breeding and feeding habitats, mortality from entanglement
Diversity
abundance
Pathogens
Chapter 3.10
Diseases due to crowding and monoculture. Risk for transfer to natural populations
If relevant, due to knowledge deficiency, eDNA mapping
Seaweed population genetics
Chapter 3.11
Genetic divergence from the local populations which by genetic transfer may put future health of the natural stocks at risk.
Species population DNA mapping