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TemaNord 2024:510
Analysis of needs for enforcement of PFAS in articles and chemical products
Analysis of needs for enforcement of PFAS in articles and chemical products
About this publication
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Abbreviations
Glossary
Foreword
Summary
1 Introduction
1.1 Objectives of the project
1.1.1 Methodology
1.1.2 Literature search
1.1.3 Stakeholder consultation activities
2 Overview on PFAS analytical methods
2.1 Determination of total fluorine content
2.1.1 Combustion Ion Chromatography (CIC)
2.1.2 High resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GF-MAS)
2.1.3 Particle induced gamma-ray Emission (PIGE)
2.1.4 Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)
2.1.5 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
2.1.6 WD-X-ray Fluorescence (WDXRF)
2.1.7 Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA)
2.1.8 Summary of key information
2.2 Non-targeted methods & suspect screening using High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS)
2.2.1 Overview of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) approaches
2.2.2 Suspect screening
2.2.3 Non-targeted analysis
2.2.4 Ion mobility mass spectrometry
2.2.5 Fast screening methods for identification and quantification
2.2.6 Ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry (FT-ICR)
2.2.7 PFAS identification from HRMS data – handling HRMS data
2.2.8 Inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)
2.2.9 Summary of key information
2.3 Targeted methods for individual PFAS
2.3.1 Liquid chromatography – Mass spectrometry (LC-MS)
2.3.2 Total oxidizable precursor assay (TOPA)
2.3.3 Gas chromatography - Mass spectrometry (GC-MS)
2.3.4 Pyrolysis - Gas chromatography - Mass spectrometry (pyr-GC-MS)
2.3.5 Supercritical-fluid-chromatography - mass spectrometry (SFC-MS)
2.3.6 Sensors
2.3.7 Summary of key information
2.4 Other analytical methods and structural analysis
2.4.1 19F-Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (19F-NMR)
2.4.2 Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
2.4.3 F K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES)
2.4.4 Microwave-induced plasma optical emission spectrometry (MIP-OES)
2.4.5 Raman spectroscopy and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)
2.4.6 Summary of key information
3 Summary of advantages, disadvantages, and application for the techniques of PFAS/fluorine determination
3.1 Suitable methods for PFAS analysis in different matrices
3.2 Challenges in PFAS analyses
4 Experiences from enforcement of PFAS restrictions and their (future) needs
4.1 Legislative background of PFAS regulations in the EU
4.1.1 Globally regulated PFAS
4.1.2 Restrictions and other measures under REACH
4.1.3 Other EU regulations
4.2 Summary of key information
Challenges regarding PFAS analytical methods
Identified needs regarding PFAS analytical methods
4.3 Experiences from enforcement of PFAS restriction stated by the individual Nordic Agencies
4.3.1 Joint Nordic enforcement project
4.3.2 Swedish Chemicals Agency (KEMI)
4.3.3 Swedish Environmental Agency
4.3.4 Finnish Safety and Chemicals Agency (Tukes)
4.3.5 Norwegian Environment Agency
4.3.6 Danish Environment Protection Agency
4.3.7 Environmental Agency of Iceland
5 Conclusion on what is needed and what is proposed
6 References
7 Appendix 1
7.1 Systematic literature search
7.1.1 Synonyms for PFAS
7.1.2 Synonyms for analytics
7.1.3 Synonyms for matrices
7.2 Additional information on the stakeholder consultation to gather information on ongoing research and development and validation/standardization activities for PFAS analyses
7.2.1 Online survey questions for stakeholder consultation
7.2.2 Overview of received questionnaires
7.3 Additional information on the consultation of Nordic agencies
7.3.1 Interview questions for Nordic agencies