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TemaNord 2024:502
BAT
Production & Recycling of EV Batteries
On the Road to Circularity?
Production & Recycling of EV Batteries
About this publication
PDF
Executive Summary
Sammendrag (Norwegian)
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Study Aims
1.2 Report Structure
2.0 Background and Context
2.1 Battery Pack Structure
2.1.1 Battery Cells
2.1.2 Battery Modules
2.1.3 Battery Packs
2.2 Policy Landscape
2.3 Permitting
2.3.1 Norway
2.3.2 Sweden
2.3.3 Finland
3.0 The EV Battery Value Chain
3.1 Out of Scope Value Chain Stages
3.2 In-Scope Value Chain Stages
3.2.1 Manufacture
3.2.2 Distribution
3.2.3 Collection and Transport
3.2.4 Screening/Testing
3.2.5 Remanufacturing and Repurposing
3.2.6 Recycling
3.3 Stakeholders
3.3.1 Extractive Mining, Processing, and Refining
3.3.2 Electrode Manufacture and Battery Manufacture
3.3.3 Collection, Transportation, and Testing
3.3.4 Remanufacturing, Repurposing, and Recycling.
4.0 Manufacture
4.1 Lithium-ion Batteries
4.1.1 Cathode Variation: Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) Batteries
4.1.2 Cathode Variation: Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide (NCA) Batteries
4.1.3 Cathode Variation: Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries
4.1.4 Anode Variation: Lithium Metal Anode Batteries
4.1.5 Anode Variation: Silicon-Graphite Batteries
4.1.6 Electrolyte Variation: Solid State Batteries
4.2 Sodium-ion Batteries
4.3 Dry Electrode Coating
4.4 Electron Beam Welding
5.0 Distribution
5.1 Policy and Regulation
5.2 Environmental Risks
6.0 Collection and Transport
6.1 Regulations
6.2 Economic Considerations
7.0 Testing
7.1 Automated Screening – Emerging Technology
7.2 Non-destructive Inspection – Emerging Technology
8.0 Remanufacturing/Repurposing
8.1 Remanufacturing
8.2 Repurposing
9.0 Recycling
9.1 Shredding
9.2 Pyrometallurgical Process
9.3 Hydrometallurgical Process
9.4 Direct Recycling Process
10.0 Conclusions
Bibliography
Glossary