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TemaNord 2023:548
Air Quality, Health Effects and External Costs in Selected Cities in Nordic Countries
Analysis of new WHO Air Quality Guidelines in the Nordic countries and Europe
Air Quality, Health Effects and External Costs in Selected Cities in Nordic Countries
About this publication
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Foreword
1. Summary
1.1 Background and purpose
1.2 Methodology and assumptions
1.3 Main conclusions and results
2. Overall methodology
2.1 Regional scale air quality modelling (DEHM)
2.2 Urban scale air quality modelling (UBM)
2.3 Modelling health effects and related external costs of air pollution (EVA-system)
2.4 Selection of cities and model boundaries
2.5 WHO AQG 2021
2.6 Evaluation of air quality monitoring in Nordic countries
3. Selected Nordic cities and model grids
3.1 Selected cities
3.2 City boundaries
3.3 City grids and upstream grids
4. Evaluation of air quality monitoring
4.1 WHO AQ guidelines and the EU Air Quality Directive
4.2 Present air quality in Nordic countries and WHO guidelines
4.3 NO2 and PM2.5 in the selected Nordic cities in 2021
4.4 General implications of proposed AQ Directive
5. Regional Air Quality in 2019 and 2030
5.1 DEHM model domain setups
5.2 High-resolution emissions in 2019 and 2030
5.3 Regional concentrations compared with WHO AQG
6. Urban background concentrations in selected cities in 2019 and 2030
6.1 Evaluation of model results against measurements in 2019
6.2 Modelled average concentrations over selected cities in 2019 and 2030
6.3 Concentration maps for selected cities in 2019 and 2030
7. Emission sector contributions to air quality in 2030
7.1 København
7.2 Stockholm
7.3 Helsinki
7.4 Reykjavík
7.5 Summary of contributions to air quality in 2030
8. Emission sector contributions to health effects and external costs in 2030
8.1 Assumptions
8.2 Health effects and sector contributions in København
8.3 External costs and sector contributions in København
8.4 Health effects and sector contributions in Stockholm
8.5 External costs and sector contributions in Stockholm
8.6 Health effects and sector contributions in Helsinki
8.7 External costs and sector contributions in Helsinki
8.9 Health effects and sector contributions in Reykjavík
8.10 External costs and sector contributions in Reykjavík
8.11 Health effects in Oslo
8.12 External costs in Oslo
8.13 Summary of health effects and costs for capital cities
References
Appendix 1 City boundaries of selected cities
Appendix 2 Sector emissions in Nordic countries
Appendix 3 Description of measurement stations in selected cities