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TemaNord 2023:546
Study on
Loss and Damage Financing Solutions and Sources
STUDY ON LOSS AND DAMAGE FINANCING SOLUTIONS & SOURCES
About this publication
PDF
Preface
Summary (English)
Summary (Norwegian)
Introduction and Context
CHAPTER 1: Markets & Mechanisms
Key take aways
Introduction
Potential Sources – Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
Share of Proceeds under Article 6 and the VCM
REDD+ (article 5.2)
The Nature Credit Market
The Nature Credit Market
New and innovative sources of finance in existing or new markets and mechanisms
Conclusion
CHAPTER 2: Taxation & Levies
Key take aways
IMO and the International Shipping Sector
Potential for Financing L&D
ICAO and the Aviation Industry
The Fossil Fuel Industry
Financial Transaction Tax
Tax on extreme wealth & high emitting activities
Conclusion
CHAPTER 3: Private Sector Focus
Key take aways
Catastrophe (“cat”) bonds
Debt swaps
Private sector guarantees
Private sector risk pooling
Challenges and Limitations
Additional Private Sector Opportunities
Additional Private Sector Opportunities
Conclusion
CHAPTER 4: Insurance
Key take aways
Introduction
Current landscape of insurance for climate resilience – including as a source of funding
Addressing L&D – new frontiers for insurance solutions?
Conclusion
References
Appendices
Affiliations