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TemaNord 2023:521
Regulatory framework
for CCS in the Nordic countries
Regulatory framework for CCS in the Nordic countries
About this publication
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Preface
Summary
Sammanfattning
Abbreviations
1. Introduction
2. International and EU Law
2.1 The London Convention and Protocol
2.2 OSPAR
2.3 Convention on Biological Diversity
2.4 Helsinki Convention
2.5 The CCS Directive
2.6 The ETS Directive
3. National legislation of CCS relevance
3.1 Denmark
3.1.1 National context
3.1.2 Permits for capturing CO2
3.1.3 Permits for transporting CO2 streams and intermediate storage of CO2
3.1.4 Permits for permanent storage of CO2
3.2 Finland
3.2.1 National context
3.2.2 Permits for capturing CO2
3.2.3 Permits for transportation and intermediate storage of CO2
3.3 Iceland
3.3.1 National context
3.3.2 Permits for capturing CO2
3.3.3 Permits for transporting and intermediate storage of CO2
3.3.4 Permits for permanent storage of CO2
3.4 Norway
3.4.1 National context
3.4.2 Permits for capturing CO2 and intermediate storage of CO2
3.4.3 Permits for permanent storage of CO2
3.5 Sweden
3.5.1 National context
3.5.2 Permits for capturing CO2
3.5.3 Permits for transporting CO2 streams and intermediate storage of CO2
3.5.4 Permits for permanent storage of CO2
4. Monitoring, reporting and verification, and accounting for CCS
4.1 Activity-level monitoring, reporting and verification
4.1.1 Key elements of MRV
4.1.2 Methodologies for carbon crediting and results-based finance
4.1.3 Current status of CCS methodology development
4.2 National inventories and accounting
4.2.1 National inventories and accounting under the Paris Agreement
4.2.2 Links between national inventories and activity-level MRV, as well as corporate inventories
4.2.3 Cross-border and EU considerations
5. Concluding remarks and recommendations
5.1 An emerging enabling regulatory environment
5.2 Significant barriers in international law
5.3 Evolving national legislation is adapted to national contexts
5.4 A need for robust MRV and accounting frameworks
5.5 Timely development of the components of the CCS value chain
5.6 Recommendations
Literature