NORDIC ENERGY RESEARCH

Energy Security in the Nordics

ENERGY SECURITY IN THE NORDICS

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Foreword: Crucial cooperation in uncertain times Summary Section 1: Understanding Nordic energy security 1.1 Two tracks of Nordic energy security: electricity and fuels 1.2 Nordic energy security cooperation’s geographic and institutional realities 1.3 The value added of Nordic energy cooperation 1.4 Theoretical framework: the energy trilemma 1.5 Types of energy security risks and resilience measures 1.6 From energy security concept to energy security cooperation Section 2: Energy security in Nordic system level 2.1 Dependence on imports as an energy security vulnerability 2.2 How consumption patterns shape energy security 2.3 System-level characteristics: key implications Section 3: Nordic-system level energy security cooperation 3.1 Strategic planning, policy alignment and thematic cooperation 3.2 Nordic-Baltic energy security governance continuum Section 4: Nordic energy security in two regional contexts: the Baltic and the Arctic 4.1 The Baltic Sea: clustered exposure in a contained sea 4.2 The Arctic: distance, exposure and strategic contest 4.3 Cross-theatre patterns and the institutional gap Section 5: Electricity security 5.1 Future outlook for electricity demand in the Nordics 5.2 Short-term electricity system adequacy and winter conditions 5.3 Electricity infrastructure integration between the Nordics 5.4 Supply chain vulnerabilities and the energy transition 5.5 Nordic electricity security cooperation 5.6 Electricity security: key findings for the Nordics Section 6: Natural gas security 6.1 Gas security cooperation Section 7: Fuel security 7.1 Sectoral differences in oil use 7.2 Nordic oil supply: production, imports and structural exposure 7.3 Oil product import dependency and exposure 7.4 Stockholding and emergency response mechanisms 7.5 Nordic fuel security cooperation 7.6 Fuel security: key findings for the Nordics Section 8: Nordic Energy security cooperation roadmap 8.1 Strengthening system-level Nordic energy security cooperation 8.2. Strengthening Nordic electricity security cooperation 8.3 Strengthening Nordic natural gas cooperation 8.4. Strengthening Nordic fuel supply cooperation Energy security country profiles and recommendations Denmark Faroe Island Finland Greenland Iceland Norway Sweden Åland Notes on data Annex 1: Guide to figures, methodologies and infrastructure terminology References

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